SEMINAR ON HOLOGRAPHY

By:

Raj

INDEX
Introduction History of holography How Holograms work Holographic recording process Holographic reconstruction process Mathematical model Holographic recording media Comparison Applications Future scope

INTRODUCTION

Holography (from the Greek,hlos whole + graf writing) is a technique that allows the light scattered from an object to be recorded and later reconstructed.

The image changes as the position and orientation of the viewing system changes in exactly the same way as if the object were still present, thus making the recorded image (hologram) appear three dimensional.
The technique of holography can be used to optically store, retrieve, and process information.

HISTORY OF HOLOGRAPHY

Invented in 1948 by Dennis Gabor for use in electron microscopy, before the invention of the laser.
The first practical optical holograms that recorded 3D objects were made in 1962 by Yuri Denisyuk. Advances in photochemical processing techniques to produce high-quality display holograms were achieved by Nicholas J. Phillips.
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HOW HOLOGRAMS WORK?

Recording + Reconstruction

HOLOGRAPHIC RECORDING PROCESS

In holography, some of the light scattered from an object or a set of objects falls on the recording medium. A second light beam, known as the reference beam, also illuminates the recording medium, so that interference occurs between the two beams. The resulting light field is a seemingly random pattern of varying intensity which is the hologram. Thus, someone looking into the hologram "sees" the objects even though they are no longer present.

HOLOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION PROCESS

When the object is no longer present, the holographic plate is illuminated by the reference beam. These individual wavefront add together to reconstruct the whole of the object beam. The viewer perceives a wavefront that is identical to the scattered wave front of the object illuminated by the reference beam, so that it appears to him or her that the object is still in place. This image is known as a "virtual" image as it is generated even though the object is no longer there.
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MATHEMATICAL MODEL
A light wave can be modeled by a complex number U which represents the electric or magnetic field of the light wave. The object and reference waves at any point in the holographic system are given 2 by UO and UR. 2 2 UO+UR = UOUR*+UR +UO +UO*UR

UH = TUR = K [UOUR+UR2+UO2+UO*UR] UR
o When the developed plate is illuminated by the

reference beam, the light transmitted through the plate, UH is UH = K [UOUR2+UR2UR+UO2UR+UO*UR2]

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In this equation: UH = K [UOUR2+UR2UR+UO2UR+UO*UR2]

re-constructed object beam, proportional to Uo reference beam, modified by |Ur|2 reference beam, modified by |Uo|2

conjugate object beam that forms an image

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HOLOGRAPHIC RECORDING MEDIA

The recording medium must be able to resolve the interference fringes. It must also be sufficiently sensitive to record the fringe pattern in a time period short enough for the system to remain optically stable, i.e. any relative movement of the two beams must be significantly less than /2.

Commonly used materials are dichromatic gelatin , photothermoplastics , photoresists.

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COMPARISON
Conventional photography
2-d

Holographic photography

version of a 3-d scene Photograph lacks depth perception or parallax Film sensitive only to radiant energy Phase relation (i.e. interference) are lost

Provides depth perception Converts phase information into amplitude information Interfere wavefront of light from a scene with a reference wave. Freezes the wavefront of light that carries all the 13 visual information of the scene

APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY
Data

storage-

Holographic data storage is a technique that can store information at high density inside crystals or photopolymers. Companies such as Optware and Maxell have produced a 120 mm disc that uses a holographic layer to store data to a potential 3.9 TB (terabyte).

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 Technological hurdles, and cost of producing a commercial product are significantly lower in pagebased holographic data storage.

Holographic data storage model using "page-based" storage

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o Security Security holograms are replicated from a master

hologram. They are being used in many currencies such as
the Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Euro, japanese yen notes etc. They are also used in credit and bank cards as well as passports, ID cards , books, DVDs, and sports equipment.

16 Hologram stickers on mobile phone batteries and ID cards intended to show the product is genuine, and not counterfeit.

o Hobbyist Use
Artists see the potential of holography as a medium and gained access to science laboratories to create their work. Holography is also used as an advanced way of advertising and conferencing.

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Conferencing and advertising via holograms

LIVE interviews via HOLOGRAMS

Telecasted on CNN in 2008

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Other applications
Electron holography is a techniques to improve the resolution and avoid the aberrations of the transmission electron microscope. Today it is commonly used to study electric and magnetic fields in thin films.

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Set-up for electron holography

Holographic scanners are in use in post offices, larger shipping firms, and automated conveyor systems to determine the three-dimensional size of a package

Holographic scanners

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FUTURE SCOPE OF HOLOGRAMS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Practical Holography-by Christopher Outwater & Van Hamersveld www.ehow.com/how_make-sense-hologram.html www.wikepedia.com

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THANK YOU
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