Branchial arches

Dr.Srikanth 24 Dept of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Contents
Introduction Pharyngeal apparatus Pharyngeal arches Pharyngeal pouches Pharyngeal clefts Branchial anomalies

Human development is a continuous process that begins when an oocyte(ovum) from a female is fertilized by a sperm(spermatozoon) from a male.

 Development involves many changes that transform a single cell, the zygote(fertilized ovum), into a multicellular human being.

 The single totipotential cell of approximately 140 m diameter resulting from the union, very soon commences mitotic division to produce a rapidly increasing number of smaller cells, so that the 16-cell stage, known as the morula, is formed.

 The early totipotential blastomeres can develop into any tissue, but later differentiation creates an approximately 100-cell fluid-filled blastocyst. The outer sphere of cells forms the trophoblast, and the inner cell mass will form the embryo.

Phases of development:
Embryogenesis is divided into three distinct phases during the 280 days of gestation (ten 28-day menstrual cycles). The phases are the Preimplantation period (the first 7 days), The embryonic period (the next 7 weeks), The fetal period (the next 7 calendar months)

 During the pre Embryonic period, the cells that will eventually give rise to all structures of the body differentiate into three germ layers.

 The differentiation of these early pluripotential cells into specialized forms is dependent upon genetic, cytoplasmic and environmental factors that act at critical times during their proliferation and growth.

Neural crest
Ectomesenchymal tissue Arises from crests of the neural folds Possesses great migratory propensities Shift might be passive translocations or active cell migrations Undergo cytodifferentiation into many diverse cell types specified by local environment

 As the development of the head progresses, neural crest cells (and lateral plate mesoderm) both migrate into rapidly forming pharyngeal arches, a series of bump-like structures on both sides of the embryonic head. Neural crest cells, in addition to forming nerve tissue, produce the bones of the cranium.

 Within the pharyngeal arches, neural crest cells and lateral plate mesoderm give rise to bones of the jaw and lower face, the viscerocranium.

Lateral plate mesoderm also contributes to the formation of the cartilages of the larynx.

 In fish there are 6 pairs of branchial arches, but only four are well developed in humans
The fifth branchial arch fails to develop The sixth branchial arch is rudimentary

Pharyngeal Apparatus
The key to understanding craniofacial development are the Pharyngeal Apparatus (PA) Also known as Branchial Apparatus Pharyngeal Apparatus include: - Pharyngeal arches (mesoderm) - Pharyngeal clefts (ectoderm) - Pharyngeal pouches (endoderm) - Pharyngeal membranes

 The first two arches and their cartilages are named

Branchial arches separated on the external aspect of the embryo. BRANCHIAL GROOVES

Correspond internally with pouching of the elongated pharynx

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES

 Each pair of Branchial arches contain a basic set of structures.

1.Cartilage component. 2.Muscular component. 3.Vascular component. 4.Nervous component.

Cartilage component :
Adapt to form Bony, Cartilaginous or Ligamentous structures

Muscle component:
Give rise to special visceral muscles composed of striated muscle fibers.

Vascular component:
Provides necessary blood supply.

 Nerve component :
Nerve fibers of special cranial nerves Enter mesoderm of branchial arches Initiate muscle development in the mesoderm

Migrate and adapt to the brachial arches

The pharyngeal arches are organized around blood vessels that extend dorsally from the developing heart.

The arches surround the pharynx and contain aortic arch blood vessels.

Five pairs of aortic arch vessels form temporally in a cranial to caudal sequence. The cranial-most vessels regress as the caudal ones develop.

Each of the pharyngeal arches is supplied by a specific cranial nerve. The cells that contribute to the sensory ganglia are derived from neural crest cells and from epibranchial placodes

Epibranchial placodes are specialized regions of surface ectoderm, the cells of which invaginate to contribute to the formation of the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X.

5th week
2ed pharyngeal arch enlarges and over grows the 3ed and 4th arches forming ectodermal depression the cervical sinus.

th 7

week

2ed and 4th pharyngeal grooves and cervical sinus disappear giving the neck a smooth contour.

The Pharyngeal Pouches:

A human embryo has five pairs of pharyngeal pouches although only 4 develop. Composed of Endoderm The first pharyngeal pouch develops into a tubotympanic recess that subsequently develops into the Middle ear cavity, the Tympanic membrane and the Eustachian tube

Pharyngeal Derivative Pouch 1 Epithelium of tympanic cavity and auditory tube 2 Epithelium of tonsil

3
4

Inferior parathyroid glands and epithelium of thymus Superior parathyroid glands.

Pharyngeal Clefts (grooves)

located between arches. These are spaces, thus contain no germ layer components. Initially 4 clefts of which only one develops as 2nd arch grows over all other clefts filling them in. 1st cleft forms the External Auditory Meatus.

Pharyngeal Membranes
Sites on bottom of arches Where ectoderm is joined to endoderm 4 membranes initially As most clefts are filled in, only first membrane develops. This lies close to external auditory meatus and develops into the Tympanic membrane

Branchial arch 1st arch mandibular

Endoder mal pouch Auditory tube and middle ear cavity

Branchial Muscles arch arteries External carotid and maxillary arteries Muscles of mastication (temporal, masseter, and pterygoids) mylohyoid, ant diagastric, tensor velipalatini, tensor tympani (Originate from somitomere 4)

Nerves

Skeleton (viscerocrani um) Facial bones, incus, malleus, anterior ligament of malleus, sphenomandi bular ligament and core of mandible from Meckels cartilage.

Trigemina l nerve, three divisions; sensory mandibula r division motor

Branchial arch

Endodermal pouch

Branchial arch arteries

Muscles

Nerves

Skeleton (viscerocra nium)

2nd arch hyoid

Palatine tonsillar fossa

Stapedial artery (in part), possibly small contributi on to facial artery

Muscles of facial expression, posterior digastric, stylohyoid stapedius (originate from somitomere 6)

VII facial nerve motor to facial muscles; sensory to ant. 2/3 tongue

Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper part of hyoid body (Reichert s cartilage)

Branchial Endodermal arch pouch

Branchial arch arteries Proximal 1/3 of internal carotid, possibly small contribution to common carotid

Muscles

Nerves

Skeleton (viscerocr anium) Greater horn and lower part of hyoid body.

3rd arch Inferior

Parathyroid III Thymus

Stylopharyn geus? Upper pharyngeal muscle

IX Glossoph aryngeal nerve (pharynge al plexus) motor to pharynx. Muscles sensory; to post. 1/3 tongue

Branchial arch

Endoderma Branchial l pouch arch arteries

Muscles

Nerves

Skeleton (visceroc ranium)

4th arch

Superior parathyroid IV lateral thyroid vestigial thymus

Arch of aorta (left) Proximal part of right subclavian

Pharyngeal constrictors cricothyroid and laryngeal muscles palatoglossu s palatophary ngeus Levator veli palatini

X Vegas nerve superior laryngeal nerve (pharyngea l nerve plexus)

Thyroid and laryngea l cartilage s.

Branchial arch 5th arch

Endoderm Branchial al pouch arch arteries Ultimobran Nothing chial body rarely seen or cyst calcitonin C cells None Proximal part of both pulmonary arteries and of ductus arteriosus (left)

Muscles

Nerves

Skeleton (viscerocra nium) Lower part of thyroid cartilage and laryngeal cartilages

Same as 4th branchial arch

6th arch

Laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid , striated muscles of esophagus

X vagus nerve Inferior laryngeal nerve

Cricoid cartilage

Branchial anomalies
Defects represent remnants of pharyngeal apparatus that normally disappear.

Congenital auricular sinuses and cysts

Remnants of first pharyngeal groove Located in a triangular area of skin anterior to the auricle of external ear Minor anomalies not of serious medical consequence

Branchial sinuses
External Internal

External Branchial sinus

Uncommon Result from failure of the second pharyngeal groove and the cervical sinus to obliterate Opens along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the inferior third of the neck

Internal Branchial sinus

Open into pharynx and are very rare. Usually open into the tonsillar sinus or near the palatopharyngeal arch. Results from persistence of the proximal part of the second pharyngeal pouch. This pouch disappears as palatine tonsil develops. Normal remnant is tonsillar sinus.

Branchial fistula
Persistence of parts of the second pharyngeal groove and second pharyngeal pouch Opens internally into the tonsillar sinus and externally in the side of the neck Ascends from its opening in the neck through subcutaneous tissue Platysma muscle to reach the carotid sheath. Passes between internal carotid artery and external carotid artery and opens into the tonsillar sinus

First Arch Syndrome

First arch syndrome can be a number of malformations associated with the first arch. Origin of defects is probably due to a deficiency of neural crest cells as a result of insufficient migration. Since neural crest cells contribute to the septation of the aortic and pulmonary arteries, 1st arch syndrome is often accompanied by cardiac abnormalities.

Examples of 1st arch syndrome: Treacher Collins syndrome Pierre Robin syndrome Digeorge syndrome

Treacher-Collins Syndrome (mandibulofacial dyostosis)

1)Abnormal external, middle and inner ear 2)Malar and mandibular hypoplasia 3)Lower eyelid defects

Pierre Robin Syndrome

1)Mandibular hypoplasia 2)Cleft palate 3)Eye and ear defects

DiGeorge Syndrome
1)Absence of the thymus 2)Malformations of the mouth 3)Nasal clefts 4)Cardiac abnormalities