Sec 20 : Cauchy - Riemann Equations

Suppose that
f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
and that f ′(z) exists at a point z 0 = x0 + iy 0

Then the first - order partial derivatives

u x , u y , v x and v y must exist at (x 0 , y0 )
and they satisfy the CR - equations
u x = v y , u y = −v x
at ( x0 , y 0 ).

Also, f ′( z 0 ) can be written as

f ′( z 0 ) = u x ( x0 , y 0 ) + iv x ( x0 , y 0 ).
 Sec 18
Sufficient conditions for differentiability
Let f(z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) be any function defined
in some neighbourhood of the point z 0 = x0 + iy0 such that
(i ) u x , u y , v x , v y exist in that neighbourhood of z 0 ,
(ii ) u x , u y , v x , v y are continuous at (x 0 , y0 )
(iii ) the first order derivatives satisfy the CR - equations
u x = v y , u y = − v x at ( x0 , y0 ).

Then f ′( z0 ) exist.
Cauchy - Reimann Equations in Polar Form

Let f(z) = u(r,θ ) + i v(r,θ )

iθ
be differentiable at any given point z 0 = r0 e 0

Then the partial derivatives u r , uθ , vr , vθ exist

at (r0 , θ 0 ) and they satisfy
1 1
u r = vθ , vr = − uθ .
r r
and f ′( z 0 ) = e ( u r + i vr ) ( r ,θ )
− iθ
o o
Example 1 : For the function
2
f(z) = z ,
find out the points where the
function is differentiable. Also
find f `(z).
 Consider
2 2 2
f(z) = z = x − y + i 2 xy ≡ u + iv
2 2
⇒ u ( x, y ) = x − y , v( x, y ) = 2 xy
⇒ u x = 2 x, u y = − 2 y ,
v x = 2 y, v y = 2 x
⇒ u x = v y & u y = − vx
⇒ (i)CR - equations are satisfied for all x, y
(ii) u x , u y , v x , and v y are continuous for all x, y

2
⇒ f ( z ) = z is differentiable at any point z,
and f ′(z) = u x + iv x = 2 x + i 2 y = 2 z
Example 2 : For the function
2
f(z) = z ,
find out the points where the
function is differentiable. Also
find f `(z).
 2 2 2
Consider f(z) = z = x + y
2 2
⇒ u ( x, y ) = x + y & v ( x, y ) = 0
⇒ u x = 2 x, u y = 2 y, v x = 0, v y = 0,
 If CR - equations are satisfied,
then we must have
x = 0 = y.
⇒ f(z) is differentiable only at (0,0)
and no where else.
Further
f ′(0) = u x (0,0) + iv x (0,0) = 0
Page 69 Q.6 Let u & v denote the real &
imaginary parts of the function ' f ' defined by
( z ) 2
 , z ≠ 0
f(z) =  z
 0, z = 0
Show that CR - equations are satisfied at (0,0)
although ' f ' is not differentiable at (0,0).
Solution :
Note : f is not differentiable at (0,0)
We have, when z ≠ 0,
( z ) ( x - iy )
2 2
f(z) = =
z x + iy
( x - iy ) ( x - iy ) ( x - iy )
=
( x + iy ) ( x - iy )
 x − 3 x iy + 3 xi y − (iy )
3 2 2 2 3
=
x +y
2 2

x − 3 xy
3 2
3x y − y
2 3
= 2 − i
x +y 2
x +y
2 2

x − 3 xy
3 2
⇒ u ( x, y ) = 2 ,
x +y 2

y − 3x y
3 2
& v ( x, y ) = 2 , ( x , y ) ≠ ( 0, 0 )
x +y 2

when z = 0 , then u ( x, y ) = 0 = v( x, y )
 lim u ( x,0) − u (0,0)
Now u x (0,0) =
x→0 x
lim x − 0
= =1
x→0 x
lim u (0, y ) − u (0,0)
u y (0,0) =
y→0 y
lim 0 − 0
= =0
y→0 y
 lim v( x,0) − v(0,0)
v x (0,0) =
x→0 x
lim 0 − 0
= = 0
x→0 x
lim v(0, y ) − v(0,0)
v y (0,0) =
y→0 y
lim y − 0
= =1
y→0 y
Thus u x = v y & u y = −v x .
Hence, proved .
Q. Let f(z) = z. Does f ′( z ) exist ?
Method I
We have
lim f(z + ∆z) - f(z)
f ′(z) =
∆z → 0 ∆z

lim z + ∆z z lim ∆z
= − =
∆z → 0 ∆z ∆z ∆z → 0 ∆z
 lim ∆x − i∆y
=
( ∆x, ∆y ) → (0,0) ∆x + i∆y
 1 along the path C1
=
 − 1 along the path C 2
⇒ f ′(z ) does not exist at any point.
 Method II
f(z) = z = x - iy
⇒ u = x, v = -y
∴ u x = 1, u y = 0, v x = 0, v y = −1
Thus u x ≠ v y , u y = −v x

⇒ C.R. equations are not satisfied

⇒ f(z) is not differentiable at any point
 −z
Q 2b Let f ( z ) = e . Show that f ( z ) is
differentiable and find f ′( z ) and f ′′( z ).
Solution :
−z − x − iy −x
f ( z) = e = e = e (cos y − i sin y )
−x −x
⇒ u = e cos y , v = −e sin y
−x −x
∴ u x = −e cos y, v x = e sin y
−x −x
u y = −e sin y, v y = − e cos y
Clearly
(1) u x = v y & u y = −v x &
(2) u x , u y , v x , v y are continuous at
any point (x, y)
∴ f ′(z) exists and
f ′(z) = u x + iv x
−x −x
= −e cos y + i e sin y
−x − iy −z
= − e . e = −e
To find f ′′(z) :
Let F(z) = f ′(z)
−x
= - e cos y + i e sin y
-x

≡ U + iV
−x
∴ U = -e cos y, V = e sin y
-x

−x −x
⇒ U x = e cos y, Vx = −e sin y
−x −x
U y = e sin y, V y = e cos y
∴U x = V y & U y = −Vx
& U x , U y , Vx ,V y are continuous
at any point (x, y)
∴ F′(z) exist &
F′(z) = f ′′(z) = U x + iV x
−x −x
= e cos y + i (−e sin y )
−x − iy
= e .e
−z
=e