Linear Transformations

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 Definition : Let U and V be real
vector spaces. A map T: U → V
from U to V is called a linear map,
or Linear transformation, if T
satisfies the following conditions

(i )T ( u + v ) = T ( u ) + T ( v ) for all u , v ∈U
(ii) T(αu) =αT(u) for all u ∈ U
and all real numbers α
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 Example
(i) Reflection about x-axis T(x,y)= (x,-y)
(ii) Reflection about y-axis T(x,y)= (-x,y)
(iii)Projection on x-axis T(x,y)=(x,0)
(iv)Projection on y-axis T(x,y)=(0,y)

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Example: Let a map T: V2→V3 be defined by

T(x1, x2) = (x1, x2 ,x1 x2). Check whether T is

linear.

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T (α(x1,x2)) = T(αx1, αx2)
= (αx1, αx2 , αx1 αx2 )
= (αx1, αx2 , α2x1x2)
= α(x1, x2 αx1x2 )
≠α(x1, x2 ,x1 x2).
Hence T is not linear.
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Example: Let C[-1, 1] be the vector space of
real valued continuous functions defined on
interval [-1, 1],
T(f(x)) = x f ′(x) for all f(x) ∈C[-1, 1].
show that T is a linear map.

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Let f(x), g(x) ∈C[-1,1]
T( f (x) + g(x))
= x (f(x)+g(x)' = x(f '(x)+g'(x) )
= x f'(x) +x g'(x) =T( f (x) )+ T(g(x))

T (αf(x)) = x [αf (x)]' =x(αf '(x))= α T (f(x))

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 Theorem: Let T: U→V be a linear map. then
• T(0U)=0V,
• T(-u) = -T(u), and
• T(α1u1+…+αnun)=
α1T(u1)+…+ α
nT(un).
In other words, a linear map T transforms the
0U into the 0V
and the negative of every u∈U into the
negative of T(u) in V.
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Proof of (i) As T is linear
T (αu ) = αT ( u )

If α = 0, ⇒ T ( 0u ) = 0T ( u ) ⇒ T ( 0u ) = 0v

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 induction on ‘n’, starting from the fact that

T(αu) = αT(u) and using the property

T(αu1+βu2)=T(αu1)+T(βu2)=αT(u1)+ βT(u2).

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In view of (iii), we get a technique of defining a
linear transformation
T on a finite-dimensional vector space U.
Suppose B ={u1,u2,…..,un}is a basis for U. Then
any vector u∈U can be expressed uniquely in
the form
u = α1u1+ α2u2+…+ αnun.
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So, if T:U→V is a linear map, then

T(u) =T(α1u1+α2u2+…+ αnun)

= α1T(u1)+ α2T(u2)+…+ αnT(un).

Thus, T(u) is known as soon as T(u1),

T(u2),…T(un) are known,

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 Theorem: A linear transformation T is
completely determined by its values on the
elements of a basis. Precisely, if B={u1,u2,…

un} is a basis for U and

v1, v2, ….vn be n vectors

(not necessarily distinct) in V
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then there exists a unique linear
transformation T:U→V ,Such that

T(ui)=vi for 1 ≤i ≤n

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Q.2 Determine whether there exists a
linear map satisfying conditions.
If it does exist give general formula.
• T : V2→V2 T(1,1)=(3,0) ,T(-1,1)= (0,1)
(ii) T : V2→V2
T(0,1)= (3,4) , T(3,1)=(2,2) & T(3,2)=(5,7)
(iii) T : P3→P3 , such that T(1+x)=1+x
T(2+x)= x+3x3 & T(x2)=0
(iv) T : V3→V3
T(0,1,2)= (3,1,2) , T(1,1,1)=(2,2,2)
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What is general idea in doing such a problem?
(ii) If set of elements on which
transformation T is defined is independent
then transformation T exist.

(ii) If set of elements on which

transformation T is defined is dependent
then transformation T may or may not
exist.

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T : V2→V2 , T(1,1)=(3,0) ,T(-1,1)= (0,1)
{(1,1), (-1,1)} is linearly independent. , hence
such a linear transformation exist .

{(1,1), (-1,1)} is basis of V2

To find linear transformation we

express (x,y) as linear combination of
{(1,1), (-1,1)}.
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(x,y) = α(1,1)+β(-1,1)= (α-β,α+β)
⇒ α-β=x & α+β=y
Solving we get
α=(x+y)/2 & β = (y-x)/2
(x,y) = ((x+y)/2) (1,1)+ ((y-x)/2) (-1,1)
T(x,y) = ((x+y)/2) T(1,1)+ ((y-x)/2) T(-1,1),

T(x,y) = ((x+y)/2) (3,0)+ ((y-x)/2) (0,1)

= ((3x+3y)/2, (y-x)/2)
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 Definition: Let T:U→V be a
linear map then Range of T
R(T)= {v∈ V | v=Tu, for some u
∈U}
The kernel(null space) of T is the set
ker(T) =N(T)={u∈U|T(u)=0v}.
n other words, N(T) is the set of all
those elements in U that are mapped
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by T into the zero vector of V.

 Theorem: Let T:U→V be a linear
map.
. R(T) is a subspace of V
i. N(T) is a subspace of U
ii.T is one-one iff N(T) is the zero
subspace of U.
v If [{u1,u2,….,un}]=U,
then R(T) =[{T(u1),T(u2),…T(un)}].
V. If U is finite-dimensional, then
dim (R(T) )≤ dim U.
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 Proof: (i) Let v1, v2∈R(T). Then there

exist vectors u1, u2 in U such that

T(u1)=v1 and T(u2)=v2. So

1+v2=T(u1)+T(u2)=T(u1+u2)

as T is linear) But u1+u2∈U, since U is

vector space. Hence, v1+v2 is the image

n element of U. So v +v ∈R(T).
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In the same way,αT(u1)=T(αu1),

since T is linear. But αu1∈U, as U

is a vector space. Hence, αv1∈

R(T).Thus R(T) is a subspace of

V. Rajiv Kumar Math II
(ii) To prove N(T) is a subspace
of U

Let u, v ∈N(T). Then T(u)= 0v

and T(v)=0v, Now

T(u + v)= T(u)+ T(v)=0v+0v =0v

⇒ u + v∈N(T) Rajiv Kumar Math II

 (iii) T is one-one iff N(T) is the
zero subspace of U.

Proof :
u ∈N(T) we want to prove u
=0U .
T(u)= 0v =T(0U) , as T is linear
⇒ u= 0U as T is one-one .
⇒ N(T) is zero subspace of
U Rajiv Kumar Math II
 If N(T) =0U then T is one one
T(u)= T(v) ⇒ T(u-v)= 0V
⇒u-v∈ N(T) ⇒ u-v= 0U
(as N(T )=0U )
i.e. u=v ⇒ T is one-one.

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 (iv) If [{u1,u2,….,un}]=U,
then R(T)
=[{T(u1),T(u2),…T(un)}].
We need to prove
[{T(u1),T(u2),…T(un)}]⊆ R(T)
………..(I)
&

R(T)⊆[{T(u1),T(u2),…T(un)}]……
(II) Rajiv Kumar Math II
T(ui)∈R(T) ,∀i, 1≤i≤n

⇒[{T(u1),T(u2),…T(un)}]⊆ [R(T)]
=R(T)
As R(T) is the subspace

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v∈R(T) ⇒ ∃u∈U suct that v =Tu

u∈U⇒ u =α1u1 +,... + α nun

As [{u1,u2,….,un}]=U,

T (u ) = α1T ( u1 ) + α 2T ( u2 ) +,...,+α nT ( un )

⇒R(T)⊆[{T(u1),T(u2),…T(un)}]
……(II)
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v.If U is finite-dimensional, then
dim (R(T) )≤ dim U.
Let {u1,u2,…un } be a basis of
U
Then [{u1,u2,…un }]= U
⇒R(T) =[{T(u1),T(u2),…T(un)}]
dim (R(T))
=dim [{T(u1),T(u2),…T(un)}]
≤ n =dim U.
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Example Let T: V4 → P3 be a linear
map from defined as
T ( x1, x2 , x3 , x4 ) = x1 + ( x2 − x3 ) x + ( x1 − x3 ) x 3

(i) Find N(T) and a basis of N(T)

(ii) Find R(T) and a basis of R(T)

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 {
N (T ) = ( x1, x2 , x3 , x4 ) x1 + ( x2 − x3 ) x + ( x1 − x3 ) x 3 = 0 P
3
}

( x1, x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 0, x2 − x3 = 0 
= 
 & x1 − x3 = 0 
= { (0,0,0, x4) | x4 is any real number }
= [(0,0,0,1)]
Basis of N(T) is {(0,0,0,1)}
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R (T ) = [{T (1,0,0,0), T (0,1,0,0), T (0,0,1,0), T (0,0,0,1)}]
As {(1,0,0,0), (0,1,0,0), (0,0,1,0), (0,0,0,1)}
is a basis of V4.

T(1,0,0,0) = 1+x3

T(0,1,0,0) = 0+ (1-0)x =x
T(0,0,1,0) = 0+ (0-1)x +(0-1)x3

T(0,0,0,1) = 0V Rajiv Kumar Math II

Hence R(T) = [{1+x3 ,x, -x-x3, 0V
}]
Hence R(T) = [{1+x3,x, -x-
x3}]
Set {1+x3 ,x, -x-x3} is independe
In P3, (prove that )

Hence {1+x3 ,x, -x-x3} is a basis

of R(T)
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Rank of a linear transformation T
T : U→V, U finite dimensional
Definition : dim R(T) is
called rank(T) and is
written as r(T).

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Nullity of a linear transformation T
T : U→V, U finite dimensional
Definition : dim N(T) is
called nullity(T) and is
written as n(T).

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 Rank Nullity Theorem

T : U → V , a linear
transformation & U finite
dimensional
Then r(T) +n(T)= dim(U)

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Example : Let T: V3 → V4 be a linear map,
defined by
T ( x1, x2 , x3 ) =
( x1, x2 − x3 , x1 − x2 + x3 , x1 + x2 − x3 ) .

Verify rank nullity theorem. .

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N (T ) = {( x1, x2 , x3 ) : T ( x1, x2 , x3 ) = (0,0,0,0)}
⇒ ( x1, x2 − x3 , x1 − x2 + x3 , x1 + x2 − x 3 )
= (0,0,0,0)
⇒ x1 = 0,
x2 − x3 = 0,
x1 − x2 + x3 = 0
x1 + x2 − x 3 = 0,
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Solving system of four
equations in three
unknowns we get
x1 =0 & x3 = x2 .

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 N(T) ={(0,x3, x3) : x3 is arbitrary}
=[{(0,1,1)}]

R(T)=
{ (x1,x2 - x3,x1 -x2 +x3, x1 +x2 -x3):(x1,x2, x3)∈
V3}
= [{(1,0,1,1), (0,1,-1,1),(0,-1,1,-1)}]
What is dim (R(T)) ?

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R(T)= [{(1,0,1,1), (0,1,-1,1),(0,-1,1,-
1)}]
To find dimension of R(T) we
find
Linearly independent subset A
of set
S= {(1,0,1,1), (0,1,-1,1),(0,-1,1,-
1)}
Such that [A]=[S]=R(T)
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Theorem : If U & V are finite
dimensional vector spaces of the
same dimension , then a linear map
T:U→ V is one-one iff it is onto.

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Question : If T : V4→ V3
is the linear transformation
defined as
T(1,0,0,0)= (-1,0,1) ,
T(0,1,0,0)= (3,-1,0)
T(0,0,1,0)= (2,-1,1)
T(0,0,0,1)= (1,0,-1)
find ker(T) & r(T) ?
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 To find ker (T) we must find
transformation T defined for
any element of V4.
T(x1,x2, x3 ,x4)=
(-x1+3x2 +2x3+ x4, -x2 -x3, x1 +x3
-x4 )

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T(x1,x2, x3 ,x4)=(-x1+3x2 +2x3+ x4, -x2 -x3, x1 +x3 -x4
)

ker(T ) = {( x1, x2 , x3 , x4 ) : T ( x1, x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (0,0,0)}

-x1+3x2 +2x3+ x4 =0
-x2 -x3, =0
x1 +x3 -x4 =0
Solving system of three
equations in four unknowns
we get x1 = -x3 +x4 , x2 =-x3`
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Question : If T : V4→ V3
is the linear transformation
defined as
T(1,0,0,0)= (-1,0,1) ,
T(0,1,0,0)= (3,-1,0)
T(0,0,1,0)= (2,-1,1)
T(0,0,0,1)= (1,0,-1)
find R(T) & n(T) ?
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