It is sometimes difficult to decide on the position of the word enough in the sentence.

Here goes the best explanation to you. Enough goes after adjectives and adverbs...like this: No, I can't wear this. It's not big enough for me I don't want to get married yet. I am not old enough. I didn't feel well enough to go to work yesterday We didn't drive quickly enough to get there by four.

On the other hand, enough goes before nouns: We don't have enough money this month There aren't enough chairs in the house for the meeting You can't get that job. You haven't enough experience. A sandwich is enough for me now. There aren't enough chairs for us to sit down...

The word too can be used in many different ways. Read the examples below and you will get familiar with it's use.
too + adjective + for somebody /something too + adj+ for somebody/something + infinitive with to

This shirt is too big. I need something smaller. That car is too expensive. This shirt is too big for me to wear. That car is too expensive for us to buy.

Form of Present Perfect

Positive I /you/we /they he / she / it I have spoken. He has spoken.

Negative I have not spoken. He has not spoken.

Question Have I spoken? Has he spoken?

Use of Present Perfect puts emphasis on the result Example: She has written five letters. action that is still going on Example: School has not started yet. action that stopped recently Example: She has cooked dinner. finished action that has an influence on the present Example: I have lost my key. action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking Example: I have never been to Australia.

For & Since with Present Perfect Tense We often use for and since with the present perfect tense. We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
for a period of time ___________ 20 minutes since a point in past time x-----------6.15pm

three days
6 months 4 years

Monday
January 1994

Here are some examples:

I have been here for 20 minutes. I have been here since 9 o'clock. John hasn't called for 6 months. John hasn't called since February. He has worked in New York for a long time. He has worked in New York since he left school.

who: when we talk about people which: when we talk about things We also use that for who/which.

- The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. - The person that phoned me last night is my teacher. - The car which hit me was yellow. - The car that hit me was yellow.

These are examples of Defining Relative Clauses

Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher. - The car, which was a taxi, exploded. - The cars, which were taxis, exploded.

These are examples of non-defining relative clauses and can be omitted because is extra information about the subject of the sentence, always goes between comas.

"Used to" expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. It indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now. Examples: Jerry used to study English. Sam and Mary used to go to Mexico in the summer. I used to start work at 9 o'clock. Christine used to eat meat, but now she is a vegetarian.

"Used to" can also be used to talk about past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. Examples: I used to live in Paris. Sarah used to be fat, but now she is thin. George used to be the best student in class, but now Lena is the best. Oranges used to cost very little in Florida, but now they are quite expensive.

Rule 1 - One syllable adjectives with a ConsonantVowel-Consonant Pattern: If the adjective has a CVC pattern, double the consonant and add -er. Examples: wet = wetter big = bigger sad = sadder For Superlatives add -est. Don't forget THE! Examples: wet = the wettest big = the biggest sad = the saddest

Rule 2 - two syllable adjectives ending in Y Change the Y to I and add -er Examples: pretty = prettier happy = happier busy = busier For Superlatives Change the Y to I and add est. Don't forget to use THE! Examples: pretty = the prettiest happy = the happiest busy = the busiest

Rule 3 - Adjectives or adverbs with two or more syllables (not ending in Y): Use MORE Examples: famous = more famous interesting = more interesting carefully = more carefully For Superlatives use THE MOST Examples: famous = the most famous interesting = the most interesting carefully = the most carefully

good = better bad = worse far = farther (further) well = better badly = worse little = less
EXAMPLES

good = the best bad = the worst far = the farthest (the furthest) well = the best badly = the worst little = the least

EXAMPLES

Here's a list of the modal verbs in English: Can Could Need Would Must Should Have to

cant couldnt dont need to wouldnt mustnt

neednt dont have to shouldnt

Modal Verb

Meaning
to have to

Expressing
100 % obligation
logical conclusion (deduction) prohibition ability permission

Example
I must stop when the traffic lights turn red. He must be very tired after such enormous work

must to be very probable must not not to be allowed to to be able to can to be allowed to

You must not smoke in the hospital.

I can swim Can I use your phone please? Smoking can cause cancer ! When I was younger I could stay up all night and not get tired..

it is possible

possibility

to be able to

ability in the past

could

to be allowed to

more polite permission

Excuse me, could I just say something?

used to say or ask what is the correct or best thing to do should/ought to to suggest an action or to show that it is necessary to be very probable

50 % obligation

I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache. You should / ought to revise your lessons He should / ought to be very tired after such enormous work Need I say more? I need not buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge.

advice

logical conclusion (deduction)

need

necessary

necessity lack of necessity/absen ce of obligation

need not

not necessary

Positive

negative

question Will I speak?

no differences I will speak. I will not speak.

Use of will Future a spontaneous decision example: Wait, I will help you. an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future example: He will probably come back tomorrow. a promise example: I will not watch TV tonight. an action in the future that cannot be influenced example: It will rain tomorrow. conditional clauses type I example: If I arrive late, I will call you.

Here is a brief review of the differences between gerunds and infinitives. Gerunds are formed with ING.

walking, talking, thinking, listening

Infinitives are formed with TO. to walk, to talk, to think, to listen

It is often difficult to know when to use a gerund and when to use an infinitive. These guidelines may help you. Gerunds Gerunds are often used when actions are real, concrete, or completed. For example: I stopped smoking. (The smoking was real and happened until I stopped.) Infinitives Infinitives are often used when actions are unreal, abstract, or future. For example: I stopped to smoke. (I was doing something else, and I stopped; the smoking had not happened yet.)

Certain words are followed by an Ing-Form.

Use and Word Lists Example as the subject of a clause Cycling is good for your health. after certain adjectives Hes afraid of going by plane. after certain prepositions Before going to bed he turned off the lights. after certain verbs I enjoy cooking. after certain verbs with prepositions I am looking forward to seeing you again. after certain nouns We had problems finding our way back home.

Words followed either by Infinitive or IngForm Use and Word Lists Example same meaning I started to read. / I started reading. same meaning but different use She forbids us to talk. / She forbids talking. different meaning He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking. infinitive or present participle I saw him go up the stairs. / I saw him going up the stairs

Verbs Followed by an Infinitive She agreed to speak before the game. agree aim appear arrange ask attempt be able beg begin care choose condescend consent continue dare decide deserve detest dislike expect fail forget get happen have hesitate hope hurry intend leap leave like long love mean neglect offer ought plan prefer prepare proceed promise propose refuse remember say shoot start stop strive swear threaten try use wait want wish

Verbs Followed by a Gerund They enjoyed working on the boat. admit advise appreciate avoid can't help complete consider delay deny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse finish forbid get through have imagine mind miss permit postpone practice quit recall report resent resist resume risk spend (time) suggest tolerate waste (time)

Verbs that can be followed by both an infinitive and a gerund: Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive. Here are some examples: start begin stop remember... Example:

"I started smoking when I was young." "I started to smoke when I left the office."

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive Subject + to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: A letter was written. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Tense

Subject

Verb

Object

Active:
Simple Present

Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter

writes is written wrote was written has written has been written will write will be written

a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Passive: Active:

Simple Past

Passive: Active:

Present Perfect

Passive: Active:

Future I

Passive:

Hilfsverben (Modals)

Active:
Passive:

Rita
A letter

can write
can be written

a letter.
by Rita.

Tense

Subject

Verb

Object

Present Progressive

Active: Passive:

Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter

is writing is being written was writing was being written had written had been written

a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Past Progressive

Active: Passive:

Past Perfect

Active: Passive:

Future II

Active: Passive:

Rita A letter Rita

A letter Rita A letter

will have written will have been written would write

would be written would have written would have been written

a letter. by Rita. a letter.

by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Conditional I

Active:
Passive:

Conditional II

Active: Passive:

Past Perfect 1 Past perfect is used when there are two past events. The past perfect event happened first in time. EXAMPLEFIRST: The thief spent the money. THEN: The police caught the thief. The thief had spent the money before the police caught him. OR: Before the police caught the thief, he had spent the money. "had spent" tells us that event happened first in time. Past perfect key words: already, yet

LIBRO : AMERICAN CHANNEL H.Q. MITCHELL J. SCOTT

In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future

'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION) If + simple present If it rains If you don't hurry MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT) Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.

If you don't leave, I'll call the police. If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot! If you drop that glass, it will break. Nobody will notice if you make a mistake. If I have time, I'll finish that letter. What will you do if you miss the plane? NOTE: We can use modals to express the degree of certainty of the result:

If you drop that glass, it might break. I may finish that letter if I have time.

She might come this evening. David may invite Jessica to the match. Jack might have gone to France.

Use 'might' or 'may' to express an opinion that you think has a good possibility of being true.

Jane could be at work. Peter could have arrived late.

Use 'could' to express a possibility which is one of many. This form is not as strong as 'might' or 'may'. It is just one of a number of possibilities.

A: "I'm afraid of spiders." B: "So am I." or "Me too." A: "I must hurry, it's late already" B: "Oh, Gosh! So must I." A: "You look good." B: "So do you." or "You too." A: "Mark lives in the suburbs." B: "So does Jane." A: "We forgot to bring our umbrellas." B: "So did we." A: "My child was sick yesterday." B: "So was mine."

I am hungry, and so are you. / you are too. My wife is a lawyer, and so am I. / I am too. She was here yesterday, and so was he. / he was too. I can swim, and so can my brother. / my brother can too. I should study more, and so should you. / you should too. They will go to the movies, and so will I. / I will too. Susan studies German, and so does Mary. / Mary does too. John cleaned the house, and so did his wife. / his wife did too. They have gone out, and so has their son. / their son has too.

A: "I don't have any free time." B: "Neither do I." or "Nor do I." or "I don't either." or "Me neither." A: "We don't smoke." B: "Neither does he." or "Nor does he." A: "My husband wasn't very happy when I went shopping. B: "Neither was mine." A: "They couldn't sleep last night. B: "Neither could I." A: "I can't speak French." B: "Nor can we. A: "David won't come to the party. B: "Neither will John."

[has/have + been + present participle] Examples: You have been waiting here for two hours. Have you been waiting here for two hours? You have not been waiting here for two hours. Complete List of Present Perfect Continuous Forms USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous

Examples: They have been talking for the last hour. She has been working at that company for three years. What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? James has been teaching at the university since June. We have been waiting here for over two hours! Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?

USE 2 Recently, Lately You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning. Examples: Recently, I have been feeling really tired. She has been watching too much television lately. Have you been exercising lately? Mary has been feeling a little depressed. Lisa has not been practicing her English. What have you been doing?

IMPORTANT Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect. Examples: Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct Sam has had his car for two years. Correct

Use of Present Perfect Progressive Puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result) Example: She has been writing for two hours. Action that recently stopped or is still going on Example: I have been living here since 2001. Finished action that influenced the present Example: I have been working all afternoon.

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English. The basic structure is:
statement + Positive statement, question tag negative tag?

Snow is white,
Negative statement, You don't like me,

isn't it?
+ positive tag? do you?

He's read this book, hasn't he? He read this book, didn't he? He's reading this book, isn't he? He reads a lot of books, doesn't he? He'll read this book, won't he? He should read this book, shouldn't he? He can read this book, can't he? She is French, isn't she? She's not French, is she?

Personal Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun

I
you (singular) you (plural) he

myself
yourself yourselves himself

she
it we they

herself
itself ourselves themselves

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ARE USED IN THREE MAIN SITUATIONS. Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object are the same.

I hurt myself. The band call themselves Dire Straits. He shot himself. They are used as the object of a preposition, when the subject and the object are the same. I bought a present for myself. She did it by herself. (She did it alone.) That man is talking to himself. They are used when you want to emphasize the subject.

I'll do it myself. (No one else will help me.) They ate all the food themselves. (No one else had any.)

The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations. If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park. If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity. If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place. If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease. Note that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .) If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one. If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day. If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems.

Note the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice. If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live. If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications. The Second Conditional is also used to talk about 'unlikely' situations. If I went to China, I'd visit the Great Wall. If I was the President, I'd reduce taxes. If you were in my position, you'd understand. Note that the main clause can contain 'would' 'could' or 'might. If I had the chance to do it again, I would do it differently. If we met up for lunch, we could go to that new restaurant. If I spoke to him directly, I might be able to persuade him.

IF If

condition past simple I married Mary

result WOULD + base verb I would be happy.

If
If If

Ram became rich

it snowed next July it snowed next July

she would marry him.

would you be surprised? what would you do?

Wish + would 1. We use wish + would + bare infinitive to express impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action.

1.I wish you would stop smoking. (You are smoking at the moment and it is annoying me.) 2.I wish it would stop raining. (I'm impatient because it is raining and I want to go outside.) 3.I wish she'd be quiet. (I am annoyed because she is speaking.)

We use wish + past simple to express that we want a situation in the present (or future) to be different. I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian.) I wish I had a big car. (I don't have a big car.) I wish I was on a beach. (I'm in the office.) Future: I wish it was the weekend tomorrow. (It's only Thursday tomorrow.) We use wish + past perfect to express a regret, or that we want a situation in the past to be different. I wish I hadn't eaten so much. (I ate a lot.) I wish they'd come on holiday with us. (They didn't come on holiday with us.) I wish I had studied harder at school. (I was lazy at school.)

The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first. The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb have (had) + the past participle of the main verb. Subject +had +past participle

Affirmative
I had decided You had decided

Negative
I hadn't decided You hadn't decided

Interrogative
Had I decided? Had you decided? Had she decided?

He, she, it had decided He hadn't decided

We had decided
You had decided They had decided

We hadn't decided
You hadn't decided They hadn't decided

Had we decided?
Had you decided? Had they decided?

Event A
John had gone out I had saved my document When they arrived He was very tired

Event B
when I arrived in the office. before the computer crashed. we had already started cooking because he hadn't slept well.

The past perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the past. This is the past in the past. For example:
The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the train had left.

When speaking with the past perfect tense, we often contract the subject
and auxiliary verb: I had you had he had she had it had we had they had I'd you'd he'd she'd it'd we'd they'd