A Triple Helix Pte LTD Presentation 2011

A Triple Helix Pte Ltd Presentation 2011
What is Biofuel?
Defined as a combustible fuel produced from recently dead biological material. Offers the possibility of producing energy without a net increase of carbon. Biofuels are also cleaner burning and reduce emission of particulate of matter a major component of urban air pollution. Biodegradable and non-toxic.
What are the benefits of using Biofuel?

- Decrease dependence on foreign fuels - Decrease toxic pollutant emission - Improve engine performance - Reduce organic waste - Biodegradable - Simple and easy to use
Biofuel as an alternative fuel

- Most vehicles are fueled by non-renewable fossil fuel, which will eventually run out. - In contrast, renewable resources (which includes plants and organic waste) are constantly replenish
- Biofuel is a possible fuel alternative as it will reduce pollution and reduce the countrys dependence on non-renewable oil.
Biofuel as an alternative fuel (Continued)

- Cleaner burning energy sources lessen the toxic pollutant emissions produced by gasoline, and it cuts down on the dumping of used oil. - Biofuel also helps to clean the fuel system, increasing octane and lessening harmful emissions, which helps lengthen life of vehicles.
- Biofuel is expected to yield energy security and environmental advantage to consumers.

Biofuel as an alternative fuel (Continued)

- Compared to other forms of renewable energy (solar and wind), biofuel is simple and easy to use. - It does not require special apparatus or modification of engines. In most cases, biodiesel (an example of a biofuel) can run diesel operated engines. - Bioethanol as a transportation fuel can be utilized as a partial or total alternative for conventional petroleum diesel.
Common strategies of producing Biofuels

One is to grow crops high in either sugar or starch, and then use yeast fermentation to produce ethanol.
The second is to grow plants that contain high amounts of vegetable oil, such as oil palm, soybean and algae.
Types of Biofuels
First Generation Biofuels: Made from sugar,

starch, vegetable oil or animal fats using conventional technology
- Bioalcohols
- Biodiesel
- Biogas
Second Generation Biofuels: Advanced biofuel

production implemented from non food crops
Third Generation Biofuels: Advanced biofuel

production based on emerging technologies that increases fuel production
1st Generation Biofuel Ethanol Based Feedstock Oil Based Fermentation

(bioalcohol)
2nd Generation Biofuel
3rd Generation Biofuel Transgenic/ Engineered Materials Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP)
Non Food Crops
Process Transesterfication
(biodiesel)
Cellulose Fermentation
Algaculture
Bioalcohols Cellulosic Ethanol Product Biodiesel Biogas Cellulosic Ethanol
Algal oil
First Generation Biofuel
Bioalcohol
The principle fuel used as a petrol substitute for road transport vehicles is bioethanol. Main sources of sugar required to produce ethanol come from sugarcane, wheat and biomass Produced from biomass by the hydrolysis and sugar fermentation processes.
In the United States, corn is commonly used to make bioethanol due to its affordability and availability. In Brazil, sugarcane is widely used instead. In urban regions where air quality is poor, gasoline containing 10% ethanol (E10) is used. E10 can be used on all gasoline operated vehicles without making massive modification to their engines.
Advantages of using Bioalcohol

Comes from a renewable resource. Bioethanol is biodegradable. Far less toxic that fossil fuels. It is not detrimental if accidentally spilled because it breaks down very quickly. Using bioethanol in older engines can help reduce the amount of carbon monoxide produced by the vehicle.
Biodiesel
A renewable, cleaner-burning alternative fuel similar to conventional or fossil diesel. Primarily produced from a chemical reaction of alcohol (methanol) and fats which include vegetable or animal oils and plant extracts. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process termed as transesterification, which removes by-product glycerin which is not suitable for engines.
Most commonly used as diesel additive to improve combustion of fossil diesel and reduce automobile emissions. Can be safely utilized in any compression-ignition engine, be it light-duty or heavy-duty engines.
A combination of 20% biodiesel and 80% conventional diesel will greatly lessen carcinogenic emissions and gases which can worsen global warming. Most common biofuel in Europe, is used for private truck companies, power generators, ferries, tourist boats, locomotives and many others in the US.
Advantages of using Biodiesel

An oxygenated fuel which contains a reduced amount of carbon and higher hydrogen and oxygen content than fossil diesel, thus improves the combustion of fossil diesel and reduces particulate emissions from un-burnt carbon. Completely non-toxic thus spillages represent far less of a risk than fossil diesel spillages. Higher flash point (about 148 C) than fossil diesel (about 52 C) and thus making it safer during transportation.
Biogas
Biogas is mixture of mostly methane (a principle component of natural gas) and carbon dioxide produced through anaerobic digestion of wet and green biomass through bacterial action in the absence of oxygen Provides a clean, easily controlled source of renewable energy from organic waste materials for a small labour input. Biogas can either be obtained through the decomposition of waste organic material and be burned directly to produce electricity or through the use of energy crops into anaerobic digester to supplement gas yields.
Advantages of using Biogas

can be used to power vehicles.
Effective, renewable, non-fossil fuel with a high methane content that does not compound the greenhouse effect. Biogas never runs out.
Many first generation biofuels may not be sustainable and has been criticised for diverting food away from the human food chain, leading to food shortages and price rises.
Adapting more land to produce crops for biofuels could result in the lost of habitats for animals and plants Ethanol or biodiesel pumps are still not readily available for consumers. Some evidences show that there could possibly be of no energy benefit to using plant biomass as producing them might just require more energy than they can generate.
The widespread adoption of biofuels may mean sacrificial diversion crop production to biodiesel production.
Replacing only 5% of the nations diesel consumption with biodiesel would require diverting approximately 60% of todays soy crops to biodiesel production, says Matthew Brown, an energy consultant and former energy program director at the National Conference of State Legislatures. Thats bad news for tofu lovers.
Second Generation Biofuel
The second generation biofuel denotes non food crops (cellulose biofuel) such as waste biomass, wood, etc. The newly discovered cellulose ethanol production is able to breakdown cellulose in woody fibres and derive ethanol from them. This method is significant as trees and grasses require lesser amount of energy in comparison to grains or crops that needs to be replanted annually.
Fuel is derived from the stems and stalks of plants rather than only using the sugars and starches from corns, as with corn ethanol. This is great news for those regions experiencing limited supply of corn-based food that is competing with the corn-ethanol manufacturers.
Gaining popularity because of the feedstock such as grasses and wood chips that is cost effective and very abundant.
During the conversion of ethanol, lesser fossil fuel is required, and this having a greater impact than the usual bioethanol on reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Proponents claim that increasing industrial and political support for second generation biofuel is a more feasible solution to achieve efficient fuel production utilizing a greater range of plants and its waste.
Third Generation Biofuel
Although second generation biofuel is promising, the production of ethanol from cellulose via fermentation involves a complex pretreatment process. Researchers therefore see the need to develop the third generation biofuels, in hopes to provide more readily available, inexpensive and environmental friendly fuel. An example is the introduction of Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP); where cellulose is utilized as an available feedstock with the help of microorganisms that express cellulolytic enzymes
How can we produce biofuels at home and what are the ingredients needed to make biofuels?
Answer: Construct a bioreactor that ferments biomass to produce bioalcohol. Biodegradable products like vegetable peelings, corn, sugarcane, wooden chips, etc.
How can we extract and purify biofuel produced from fermented biomass? Answer: They can be removed using a separating column and distillated to obtain pure biofuel (e.g bioethanol).
Biofuel Guide
http://biofuelguide.net/
Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass

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A Triple Helix Pte Ltd Presentation 2011

What are the benefits of using Biofuel?

Biofuel as an alternative fuel

Biofuel as an alternative fuel (Continued)

- Biofuel is expected to yield energy security and environmental advantage to consumers.

Biofuel as an alternative fuel (Continued)