Current Electricity 1

Copyright Maire Duffy, Clonkeen College

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Electricity
> Did you know?
7 percent of power generated at large central

stations is lost during transmission to the user over high-voltage lines! 1 lightening bolt has enough power to service 200 000 homes!! An electric eel can produce a voltage of up to 650 Volts!! 20 mA of current running through your body can stop your heart!!

Potential Difference (V)

Potential difference is the work

done per unit charge to transfer a charge from one point to another (also Voltage) i.e V=W Q
Unit Volt V or J C-1

Volt is the p.d. between two points

if one joule of work is done bringing one coulomb from one point to the other Potential at a point is the p.d. between a point and the Earth, where the Earth is at zero potential

Capacitance (C)
Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on a conductor

to its p.d. i.e. C = Q

V
Unit Farad F or C V-1
Capacitor stores charge

Parallel Plate Capacitor C =A

A = area of overlap of plates d = distance between plates = permittivity of dielectric (insulator between plates)

Capacitors
Capacitor uses
Allow a.c. to flow but block

d.c. Tune in radio stations (variable capacitor) Smooth out variations in d.c. Camera flash Filtering: allow certain frequencies of an alternating signal to pass but block others

Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor

To charge a capacitor one plate is

connected to + terminal and the other to terminal and the power supply is turned on An equal charge builds up on one plate and a + charge on the other This charge remains even when disconnected from the power supply It can be discharged by connecting it to a conductor W = CV 2 http://lectureonline.cl.msu.edu/~mmp/ kap23/RC/app.htm

Electric Current (I)

This is the flow of electric

charge {In a metal conductor it is the flow of electrons} Size of current in a conductor is the amount of charge passing any point of that conductor per second Q = It Unit Amp A or C s-1

Electric Current Summary

Electrons flow from to +

Conventional current flows from + to i.e. flow of positive charge d.c. direct current flows in one direction in a closed circuit, it is caused by a power supply a.c. alternating current is when the current constantly reverses direction e.g. mains current alternates 100 times per second

e-

+ _
e-

Electric Current Summary

Current is the same at every point in a series closed circuit cct Sum of current flowing into a junction equals sum of current

flowing out of junction in series in the cct

Galvanometer

Ammeter is used to measure current and is always connected

is a sensitive ammeter/microammeter

Potential Difference (V)

This can also be said to be the energy lost by 1

coulomb as it moves between 2 points in a circuit

i.e.

V=W Q W = VQ W = VQ t t P = VI
Divide both sides by t (time)

Note:

(P = W and I = Q ) t t

 Voltages in series

Voltage (V)

V = V1 + V2 + V3
Voltages in parallel

V1 = V2 = V3
Voltmeter is used to measure voltage and is always

connected in parallel with the part of the cct to be measured

Voltages in Series and Parallel

Electromotive Force

(e.m.f.)

e.m.f. (E) is a voltage

applied to a cct. Unit Volt Electric cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy and is a source of e.m.f. Sources
Simple

Cell Primary Cell Secondary Cell Thermocouple Mains

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6226504780579469841

Simple Cell
Copper and zinc plates are

eAnode Zn

eCu

Cathode

Zn

+
Cu

Zn2+

Cu2+

electrodes Dilute sulphuric acid and copper sulphate is the electrolyte Plates chemically react with the acid leaving the plates charged Copper electrode is a positive Cathode Zinc electrode is a negative anode This simple cell cant be recharged as the chemicals are used up as a current flows e.m.f. generated is 1V

Primary Cell

This type of cell cant be recharged.

Also known as dry cells as the electrolyte tends to

be a chemical paste.

Secondary Cell

This is a cell that can be recharged

Also known as an accumulator e.g. car battery is a lead-acid accumulator

Credits

Slide 2: Lightning Bolt Image

Electric eel image ~ Amy Lebeau

http://www.msha.gov/Accident_Prevention/Tips/lightning.htm www.nfpa.org/riskwatch/teach_eslp_pkk_04.html www.slcc.edu/schools/hum_sci/physics/tutor/2220/e_potential

Slide 3: Animation ~ Irina Nelson and Johnny Erickson

Slide 4: None Slide 5: First capacitor image

Slide 6: Capacitor image ~ Christopher Borg

http://qarnita.tripod.com/comp.htm

www.mainlinegroup.co.uk/jacksonbrothers/5250.htm

Slide 7: Bulb and battery animation ~ David Chase Edventures.com Electric Motor animation ~ UK Motion Gallery www.bbc.co.uk/science/robots/techlab/v_rollerbots.shtml Slide 8: None Slide 9: None Slide 10:None Slide 11: Voltages in series image ~ Andrew Turner Primary School Science

http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&termid=153&alpha=c&searchstring=

Slide 12: Voltages in series and parallel image ~ Graham Knot

www.primaryschoolscience.com/about/about_assessment.php

Slide 13: Lemon battery image and video link ~ Carol and Wayne Campbell Slide 14: None Slide 15: Battery image ~ EDF Energy

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/g_knott/elect27.htm

www.hilaroad.com/camp/projects/lemon/lemon_battery.html Note: google video player needs to be downloaded from the web page to play video clip

Slide 16: Lead-acid battery image ~ EUROBAT The Association of European Storage Battery Manufacturers.
www.mpoweruk.com/cell_construction.htm

www.edfenergy.com/powerup/keystage3/in/page2.html