Toothed Gearing

Toothed Gearing
Gears are used to transmit motion or power from one shaft

to another shaft if the center distance between the
shafts is small. It is a positive & smooth drive.
Gears are classified as follows:
(i) According to relative position of shaft axes:
Parallel axes : Spur gear, helical gear
Intersecting axes : Bevel gears
Non parallel, Non intersecting: Worm gears
(ii) According to peripheral velocity (v) of gears:
V< 3 m/sec: Low velocity gears
3<V< 15 m/sec: Medium velocity gears
V>15 m/sec: High velocity gears

P R Venkatesh Mech Dept RVCE Bangalore
(iii) According to type of gearing:
Gears mesh externally & hence rotate in opposite
directions : External gearing
Gears mesh internally & hence rotate in same
directions: Internal gearing
(iv) According to position of the teeth on gear surface:
Straight teeth: Spur gears
Inclined teeth: Helical gears
Skewed (curved) teeth: Spiral gear

P R Venkatesh Mech Dept RVCE Bangalore
P R Venkatesh Mech Dept RVCE
Bangalore
Spur gear pair (External & Internal)
Bangalore
Spur gear animation
Rack & pinion Animation
Bangalore
Helical gear Herringbone gear
Bangalore
Bevel gears (Straight teeth & Skewed teeth)
Bangalore
Worm Shaft & worm gear
Bangalore
Gear tooth profiles
Gears are mainly used for transmission of motion &
power and must be of accurate profile to obtain
exact velocity ratio.
Two commonly used profiles of gear teeth are the
Involute profile & the Cycloidal profile
Involute is defined as the path described by a point
on an inextensible cord which is unwound from a
stationary cylinder.
Cycloid is defined as the curve traced by a point on
the rim of a circle which rolls without slipping on a
fixed straight line. The faces of the teeth are
epicycloids generated on the pitch circles and the
flanks are hypocycloids generated inside the pitch
circles.
Comparison between involute & cycloidal tooth profiles
Cycloidal Involute Feature
Zero at the pitch point &
maximum at the point of
engagement & disengagement
Constant throughout
engagement
Pressure Angle
The center distance must be
maintained accurately.
Small variation in center
distance does not affect
the velocity ratio
Center distance
Cycloidal profile comprises of two
curves namely hypocycloid &
epicycloid , hence it is difficult to
manufacture.
Involute profile is a
single curve , so it is
easy to manufacture.
Standardization of
tooth form
Very good Good Strength
No interference May exist
accordingly
Interference
Poor Good Economy of tooling
equipment
Bangalore
Generation of involute Profile
Bangalore
Generation of an Involute by a Knotted Taut Cord
Unwinding from a Base Cylinder
13
The generation of involute
profile on right side
The generation of involute
profile on left side
Bangalore
A famous curve that was named by Galileo in 1599 is called a
cycloid. A cycloid is the path traced out by a point on the
circumference of a circle as the circle rolls (without slipping) along
a straight line.
Bangalore
Epicycloid Hypocycloid
GEAR TOOTH NOMENCLATURE
Base circle: It is the circle from which gear teeth
profiles are generated.
Pitch circle: It is an imaginary circle which by pure
rolling action, would produce the same motion as
the toothed wheel. The size of the gear is usually
specified by the pitch circle diameter.
Pitch point: It is a common point of contact between
two pitch circles of two meshing gear wheels.
Pressure angle: (Angle of obliquity) It is the angle
between the common normal to two gear teeth at
the point of contact and the common tangent at the
pitch point.
Bangalore
Pitch cylinders with
pure rolling friction
Actual gears (Toothed wheels)
Line of action & Pressure angle
Bangalore
Addendum: It is the radial distance from the pitch
circle to the tip of the tooth.
Dedendum: It is the radial distance from the pitch
circle to the root of the tooth.
Face : It is the part of the tooth surface which is
above the pitch surface.
Flank : It is the part of the tooth surface which is
below the pitch surface.
Circular pitch : It is the distance measured on the
circumference of the pitch circle from a point on one
tooth to the corresponding point on the adjacent
tooth.
Module: It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in
millimeters to the number of teeth.
Face width: It is the width of the gear tooth
measured parallel to its axis.
Bangalore
involute gear profile
SYSTEMS OF GEAR TEETH
Three systems of gear teeth listed below are
commonly used :
(i) 14
1
/
2
o
involute system; The number of teeth
required to avoid interference is high because of the
low pressure angle.
(ii) 20
o
full depth involute system; The number of teeth
required to avoid interference is less because of high
pressure angle. These teeth are broader at the root
& stronger.
(iii) 20
o
stub involute system; In this system the working
depth is usually 20% less than the FDI as the
addendum is made shorter. Its advantages are
Low production cost
Stronger teeth
Less interference due to shorter addendum
Law of Gearing Or Condition for correct gearing
When the tooth profiles are designed so as
to produce a constant velocity ratio during
meshing , they are said to have conjugate
action.
An involute profile is one of the tooth
profiles which gives conjugate action.

Bangalore
Bangalore
C
1
2
D
B
E
A
2
O
1
O
1
r
2
r
P
LAW OF GEARING
Bangalore
C
1
2
D
B
E
A
2
O
1
O
1
r
2
r
P
When on curved surface pushes against
another, the point of contact occurs where the two
surfaces are tangent to each other at C as shown
in fig.
The forces at any instant are directed along the
common normal AB to the two curves.
The line AB representing the direction of action is
called the Line of Action or Pressure line.
The line of action will intersect the line of centers
O
1
O
2
at point P known as Pitch Point.
Pure rolling exists at pitch point and the circles
drawn through P from each center are called
Pitch Circles.
Bangalore
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 1 1
Let and be
the perpendiculars to the common normal.
The triangles and are similar.

or
The velocity ratio can only be constant
if the common norma
O D O E
O PD O PE
O P O P
O D O E
O E O P r
O D O P r
=
= = =
1
2
l AB passes through
the pitch point P.
The law of gearing states that
" in order to transmit motion at
constant angular velocity ratio,
the pitch point must remain fixed,
i.e, the line of action for every
instantaneous point of contact
must pass through the same point P.
C
1
2
D
B
E
A
2
O
1
O
1
r
2
r
P
27
Path of contact
28
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
Wheel
Base Circle
Consider a pinion driving
wheel as shown in figure.
When the pinion rotates
clockwise, the contact
between a pair of involute
teeth begins at K (on the
flank near the base circle of
pinion or the outer end of the
tooth face on the wheel) and
ends at L (outer end of the
tooth face on the pinion or
on the flank near the base
circle of wheel).
Path of contact
29
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
Wheel
Base Circle
MN is the common normal
at the point of contacts and
the common tangent to the
base circles. The point K is
the intersection of the
addendum circle of wheel
and the common tangent.
The point L is the
intersection of the
addendum circle of pinion
and common tangent.
Path of contact
30
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
Wheel
The length of path of contact
is the length of common
normal cut-off by the
addendum circles of the
wheel and the pinion. Thus
the length of part of contact
is KL which is the sum of the
parts of path of contacts KP
and PL. Contact length KP is
called as path of approach
and contact length PL is
called as path of recess.
Path of contact
31
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
Wheel
r
a
= O
1
L = Radius of
addendum circle of pinion,
and
R
A
= O
2
K = Radius of
addendum circle of wheel
r = O
1
P = Radius of pitch
circle of pinion,
and
R = O
2
P = Radius of pitch
circle of wheel.
Path of contact
32
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
Wheel
Radius of the base circle of
pinion = O
1
M
= O
1
P cos| = r cos|

and

radius of the base circle of
wheel = O
2
N
= O
2
P cos | = R cos|
Path of contact
33
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
Wheel
Path of contact
From right angle triangle O
2
KN
( ) ( )
( ) |
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
cos R R
N O K O KN
A
=
=
| | sin sin
2
R P O PN = =
Path of approach: KP
( ) | | sin cos
2 2
2
R R R
PN KN KP
A
=
=
34
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
Wheel
Path of contact
Similarly from right angle triangle
O
1
ML
( ) ( )
( ) |
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
cos r r
M O L O ML
a
=
=
| | sin sin
1
r P O MP = =
Path of recess: PL
( ) | | sin cos
2 2
2
r r r
MP ML PL
a
=
=
35
Path of contact
Length of path of contact = KL
( ) ( ) ( ) | | | sin cos cos
2 2
2
2 2
2
r R r r R R
PL KP KL
a A
+ + =
+ =
GEAR TOOTH NOMENCLATURE (continued)
Path of contact: It is the path traced by the point of
contact of a pair of teeth from beginning of
engagement to the end of engagement. It is the sum
of path of approach & the path of recess.
Path of approach: It is the portion of path of contact
from beginning of engagement to the pitch point.
Path of Recess: It is the portion of path of contact
from the pitch point to the end of the engagement.
Arc of contact: It is the locus of a point on the pitch
circle from the beginning of engagement to the end
of engagement of a pair of teeth in mesh. It is the
sum of arc of approach & the arc of recess.
Pitch angle: It is the angle subtended by an arc of
length equal to circular pitch at the center of the
gear.
Base Pitch: It is the distance measured along the
base circle from a point on one tooth to the
corresponding point on the adjacent tooth and is
denoted by P
b
. P
b
=p
c
cos|

37
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
H
F
E
G
Gear
Profile
Wheel
Arc of contact is
the path traced by
a point on the
pitch circle from
the beginning to
the end of
engagement of a
given pair of
teeth. In Figure,
the arc of contact
is EPF or GPH.
Arc of contact
38
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Wheel
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
H
F
E
G
Arc of contact
Considering the arc of
contact GPH.
The arc GP is known as
arc of approach and the
arc PH is called arc of
recess. The angles
subtended by these
arcs at O
1
are called
angle of approach and
angle of recess
respectively.
39
Length of arc of approach = arc GP
Arc of contact
| | cos cos
KP approach of path of Lenght
= =
Length of arc of recess = arc PH
| | cos cos
PL recess of path of Lenght
= =
Length of arc contact = arc GPH = arc GP + arc PH
| | | | cos cos cos cos
contact of path of Length KL PL KP
= = + =
40
Contact Ratio (or Number of Pairs of Teeth in Contact)
The contact ratio or the number of pairs of teeth in contact is
defined as the ratio of the length of the arc of contact to the
circular pitch.
Mathematically,
C
P
contact of arc the of Length
ratio Contat =
m pitch Circular P
C
= = t
Where:
and m = Module.
41
Exercise 1
Two spur wheels have 24 and 30 teeth with a standard
addendum of 1 module. The pressure angle is 20.
Calculate the path of contact and arc of contact.
Solution:
Data: t =24; T=30; addendum = 1m and |=20
m
m mT
R gear the of radius circle Pitch
m
m mt
r pinion the of radius circle Pitch
15
2
30
2
12
2
24
2
=
= = =
=
= = =
42
Exercise 1- Continued
m m m R
m R R gear the of radius circle Addendum
m m m r
m r r pinion the of radius circle Addendum
A
A
a
a
16 15
13 12
= + =
+ = =
= + =
+ = =
43
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
Wheel
PL KP
KL contact of path of Length
+ =
=
( )
( )
( ) |
|
|
sin
cos
cos
2 2
2
2 2
2
r R
r r
R R KL
a
A
+
+
=
44
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
mm m
m
contact of path of Length
contact of arc of Length
m
m m
m m m m
r R r r R R
PL KP KL contact of path of Length
a A
, 11 . 5
20 cos
802 . 4
cos
802 . 4
20 sin 12 15
20 cos 12 13 20 cos 15 16
sin cos cos
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
= =
=
=
+
+ =
+ + =
+ = =
|
| | |
45
Exercise 2
Two gears in mesh have a module of 8 mm and a
pressure angle of 20. The larger gear has 57 teeth
while the pinion has 23 teeth. If the addenda on pinion
and gear wheel are equal to one module (1m), find
1. The number of pairs of teeth in contact and
2. The angle of action of the pinion and the gear wheel.
Solution:
Data: t =23; T=57; addendum = 1m= 8mm and |=20
46
Exercise 2 - continued
mm
mT
mm
mt
228
2
57 8
2
92
2
23 8
2
=
= = =
=
= = =
mm R
addendum R R gear the of radius circle Addendum
mm r
addendum r r pinion the of radius circle Addendum
A
A
a
a
236 8 228
100 8 92
= + =
+ = =
= + =
+ = =
47
M
L
K
N
R
RA
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
Wheel
PL KP
KL contact of path of Length
+ =
=
( )
( )
( ) |
|
|
sin
cos
cos
2 2
2
2 2
2
r R
r r
R R KL
a
A
+
+
=
48
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
mm
contact of path of Length
mm
r R r r R R
PL KP KL contact of path of Length
a A
31 . 42
20 cos
76 . 39
cos
76 . 39
20 sin 92 228
20 cos 92 100 20 cos 228 236
sin cos cos
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
= =
=
=
+
+ =
+ + =
+ = =
|
| | |
49
2 684 . 1
31 . 42
~ = = =
=
m p
pitch circular
contact in teeth of pairs of Number
c
t
' ' 47 ' 21 26 36 . 26 360
92 2
31 . 42
360
2
' ' 16 ' 38 10 637 . 10 360
228 2
31 . 42
360
2
o o
o
o o
o
r
pinion of action of Angle
R
wheel gear of action of Angle
= =
=
= =
=
t
t
t
t
50
478 . 2
23
57
478 . 2
637 . 10
36 . 26
= =
= =
t
T
and
gear of action of Angle
pinion of action of Angle
51
Exercise 3
The following data refers to two mating involute gears of
20 pressure angle. Number of teeth on pinion is 20. Gear
ratio = 2, speed of pinion is 250 rpm, module = 12 mm. If
the addendum on each wheel is such that the path of
approach and the path of recess on each side are half of
the maximum permissible length, find the maximum
velocity of sliding during approach and recess and the
length of arc of contact.
Solution:
Data: t =20; G=2; m= 12mm; n=250rpm and |=20
52
mm
mT
T gear on teeth of Number
T
t
T
ratio Gear
mm
mt
240
2
40 12
2
40 20 2
2
20
2
120
2
20 12
2
=
= = =
= = =
= = =
=
= = =
53
M
L
K
N
R
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Wheel
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
RA
From the given condition:
mm
r
approach of path Maximum
approach of path quired
52 . 20
2
20 sin 120
2
sin
2
: Re
=
=
=
|
54
M
L
K
N
R
ra
r
|
|
|
Addendum
Circles
Pitch
Circle
Base Circle
Base Circle
P
O1
O2
Wheel
Pinion
Pitch
Circle
RA
mm
R
recess of path Maximum
recess of path quired
04 . 41
2
20 sin 240
2
sin
2
: Re
=
=
=
|
55
Path of approach: KP
( )
( ) ( )
mm R R gear the of Addendum
gear the of radius addendum mm R
R
R R R
PN KN KP
A
A
A
A
77 . 7 240 77 . 247
77 . 247
20 sin 240 20 cos 240 52 . 20
sin cos
2
2 2
2 2
2
= = =
= =
=
=
=
| |
56
Path of recess: PL
( )
( ) ( )
mm r r pinion the of Addendum
pinion the of radius addendum mm r
r
r r r
MP ML PL
A
A
A
A
46 . 19 120 46 . 139
46 . 139
20 sin 120 20 cos 120 04 . 41
sin cos
2
2 2
2 2
2
= = =
= =
=
=
=
| |
Path of contact = Path of approach + Path of recess
= 20.52 + 41.04 = 61.56 mm
57
sec / 08 . 13
2 60
250 2
60
2
60
2
sec / 16 . 26
60
250 2
60
2
51 . 65
20 cos
56 . 61
cos
rad
G
n N
gear the of speed Angular
rad
n
pinion the of speed Angular
mm
contact of Path
contact of Arc
G
p
=
= =
=
= =
= = =
t
t t
e
t
t
e
|
58
( )
( )
( )
( ) sec / 4 . 1610 04 . 41 08 . 13 16 . 26
:
sec / 2 . 805 52 . 20 08 . 13 16 . 26
:
mm
recess of Path
s ring reces sliding du locity of Maximum ve
mm
approach of Path
ach ring appro sliding du locity of Maximum ve
G P
G P
= + =
+ =
= + =
+ =
e e
e e
59
Exercise 4
Two 20
0
involute spur gears of equal
diameter, having 30 teeth each mesh
externally. The circular pitch is 25 mm.
Determine the addendum of the wheels if
the arc of contact is twice the circular pitch.
Data: T=t=30, p
c
=25 mm, | =20
0

Arc of contact= 2x circular pitch=2x25=50 mm
60
0
0
We know that;
cos
50
cos 20
50 cos 20 46.985 mm
25
Also module 7.9577
2 2
But , it is
Length of path of contact
Length of arc of contact
p
m mm
R r
m Here
T t
t t
=
=
= =
= = =
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 0
given T=t=30 teeth.
7.9577 30
119.37
2
cos cos sin
As R=r for gears of equal size, it will be equal to 2 cos 2 sin
46.985 2 119.37 cos 20 2 1
A a
A
A
R r mm
R R r r R r
R R R
R

= = =
= + +

=
( )
( ) ( )
0
19.37 sin 20
Hence addendum circle radius R 129.3
Addendum a= R 129.3 119.37 9.93
A
A
mm
R mm
=
= =
Bangalore
Interference in gears
Bangalore
Interference
The contact of portions of tooth profiles which are not
conjugate is called as Interference.
Interference occurs when the points of engagement
and disengagement lie outside the points of tangency
of the pressure line with the base circles.
This is because of the involute tip of one gear digs
into the non involute flank of the other gear.
To avoid interference, the length of path of contact
must be less than or equal to distance between the
points of tangency of the pressure line with the base
circles of the two mating gears.
Bangalore
Methods to avoid Interference
Interference in gears may be avoided by any one of the
following methods;
1. Undercutting: Undercutting of the flanks of the pinion
teeth leads to weakening of the teeth and complication of
manufacture.
2. Increasing the center distance: The correct tooth action
is maintained but the pressure angle is increased, leading
to higher tooth pressures and increased backlash.
3. By tooth correction (Modifying the gear & pinion
addenda): The pressure angle , center distance and base
circles remain unaltered, but the thickness of the gear
tooth at the pitch circle becomes greater than p/2 and that
of the pinion becomes less than p/2.
Bangalore
Minimum number of teeth required to avoid interference
The points M & N are called interference points; i.e. if the
contact takes place beyond M & N, interference will occur.
The limiting value of addendum circle radius of pinion is O
1
N
and the limiting value of addendum circle radius is O
2
M.
Hence the by considering the critical addendum circle radius
of gear, the limiting number of teeth on gear can be
determined.
|
|
PINION
GEAR
|
Addendum
of pinion =
g
a . m
Base circle
Pitch circle
M
N
P
1
O
2
O
Addendum
of gear =
. m
p
a
Base circle
Pitch circle
R
r
Bangalore
Minimum number of teeth to avoid interference
|
|
PINION
GEAR
|
Addendum
of pinion =
g
a . m
Base circle
Pitch circle
M
N
P
1
O
2
O
Addendum
of gear =
. m
p
a
Base circle
Pitch circle
R
r
Bangalore
Let =Pressure angle
T= number of teeth on gear
t=number of teeth on pinion
m=module
R= Pitch circle radius of gear =
2
r= Pitch circle radius of pinion =
2
addendum coefficient of gear
a addendum coe
g
p
mT
mt
a
|
=
= fficient of pinion
a m =addendum of gear &
a m =addendum of pinion.
Gear ratio G=
g
p
T
t

|
|
PINION
GEAR
|
Addendum
of pinion =
Base circle
Pitch circle
M
N
P
1
O
2
O
. m
p
a
Base circle
Pitch circle
R
r
Addendum
of gear = g
a . m
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
2
2 2
2
From the triangle o , using cosine rule,
2 cos
But, from the triangle , PM = sin sin .
Also , Angle (90 )
Hence, sin 2 sin cos(90 ).
Putting c
MP
O M O P PM O P PM O PM
O PM O P r
O P R O PM
O M R r R r
| |
|
| | |
= +
=
= = +
= + +
2 2 2 2 2
2
os(90 ) sin , we get
sin 2 . .sin O M R r R r
| |
| |
+ =
= + +
|
|
PINION
GEAR
|
Addendum
of pinion =
Base circle
Pitch circle
M
N
P
1
O
2
O
. m
p
a
Base circle
Pitch circle
R
r
Addendum
of gear = g
a . m
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
1
2
2
2 2 2
2
sin 2 . .sin 1 sin sin
1
Or 1 sin 2 Putting R= we get
2
1 1
1 sin 2 Also, . .
2 2
substitut
g g
r r
O M R r R r O M R
R R
r r mT r T
O M R and
R R R t G
mT mT
O M O M O P a m a m
G G
| | | |
|
|
(
= + + = + +
(

(
| |
= + + = =
|
(
\ .

(
| |
= + + = + = +
|
(
\ .

1 1
2 2
2 2
2
ing,
1 1 1 1
. 1 sin 2 1 sin 2 1
2 2 2
Hence minimum number of teeth on gear to avoid interference
2

1 1
1 sin 2 1
And minimum number
g g
g
mT mT T
a m a
G G G G
a
T
G G
| |
|
(
(
| | | |
(
+ = + + = + +
`
| |
(
(
\ . \ .
)

=

| |
+ +
`
|
\ .
)
of teeth on pinion to avoid interference, t=
T
G
{ }
2
2
2
1 3sin 1

2
where a
sin
g
r
r
a
a
|
|
+
Note :
1. If the number of teeth on pinion & gear are equal, G =1
Then T = t =
2. The minimum number of teeth to avoid interference
on pinion meshing with a rack
t = addendum coefficient of rack =
70
Exercise 1
Two 20
0
involute spur gears mesh
externally to give a velocity ratio of 3.
Module is 3 mm and the addendum is equal
to 1.1 times the module. If the pinion
rotates at 120 rpm, determine;
(i) Minimum number of teeth on each wheel
to avoid interference.
(ii) The number of pairs of teeth in contact.
0
1
2
Pressure angle =20 , Gear ratio G=3
Rpm of pinion n 120 , Addendum =1.1 3 3.3
Addendum coefficient a =1.1
minimum number of teeth on gear to avoid interference
2

1 1
1 sin 2
g
g
rpm mm
a
T
G G
|
|
= =
=
| |
+ +
\
Data :
(i)
2 0
1
2 1.1
T 49.436 51 teeth
1 1
1 sin 20 2 1
3 3
And minimum number of teeth on pinion to avoid interference
51
t= 17 teeth
3
T
G

`
|
.
)
= = ~

| |
+ +
`
|
\ .
)
= =
72

3 51
76.5
2 2
addendum of gear
=76.5 3.3 79.8
A
A
mT
Pitch circle radius of the gear R mm
Addendum circle radius of the gear R R
R mm
Pitch circle radius of the
= = = =
= = +
+ =
(ii) Number of pairs of teeth in contact (Contact ratio)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 0
3 17
25.5
2 2
addendum of pinion
=25.5.5 3.3 28.8
cos cos sin
79.8 76.5 cos 20 28.8 2
a
a
A a
mt
pinion r mm
Addendum circle radius of the pinion r r
r mm
R R r r R r
= = = =
= = +
+ =
= + +
= +
( )
2 2 0 0
5.5 cos 20 76.5 25.5 sin 20
= 15.737 mm
+
73
0
cos
15.737
16.75
cos 20
16.75
1.777 2
3
c
mm
Number of pairs of teeth in contact
circular pitch
p
t
=
= =
=
= = = ~
74
Exercise 2
What is the smallest number of teeth
theoretically required in order to avoid
interference on a pinion which is geared
with
(i) A rack
(ii) An equal gear and
(iii) A wheel to give a gear ratio of 3:1
Take addendum =1m and pressure
angle=20
0.

2 2 0

2 2 1
= =17.097 18 teeth
sin sin 20
2
1
r
g
a
a
|

~
+
1. The minimum number of teeth to avoid interference
on pinion meshing with a rack
t =
2. The number of teeth on pinion & equal gear G =1
Then T = t =
{ } { }
2 2 0
2
2 0
2 1
12.32 13
3sin 1 1 3sin 20 1
2
1 1
1 sin 2 1
2 1
T 44.94 45 teeth
1 1
1 sin 20 2 1
3 3
Minimum number of
g
a
T
G G
|
|
= = ~
+
=

| |
+ +
`
|
\ .
)
= = ~

| |
+ +
`
|
\ .
)
3. For a gear ratio of 3 : 1, the minimum number of teeth on gear

45
teeth on pinion t= 15 teeth
3
T
G
= =
76
Exercise 3
The standard full depth 14
1
/
2
0
gear has a
module of 5 mm. The pinion has 15 teeth
and the gear has 60 teeth. Addendum =1
module.
(i) Show that the gear will interfere with
the pinion.
(ii) Should the pressure angle be
increased to eliminate the interference.
2
0
2
60
4
15
Addendum coefficient = 1. For no interference,
2
1 1
1 sin 2 1
2 1
t 28.6 29 teeth
1 1
1
4 1 sin 14 2 1
2
4 4
Since the number of teeth on pinion
g
g
T
t
a
a
T
t
G
G
G G
|
= =
=
= =

| |
+ +
`
|
\ .
)
= = ~

| |
+ +
`
|
\ .
)
(i) Gear ratio G =
2
(15) is less than the minimum required (29),
interference will occur.
If the number of teeth on pinion is 15, the pressure angle may be increased
to avoid interference.
2 1
15
1 1
4 1 sin 2
4 4
|
| |
+ +
|
\ .
(ii)
0
0
20.31
1
. . the pressure angle may be increased to 20.31 avoid interference. i e
| =

`
)
78
Exercise 4
For two involute gears in mesh, the arc of
approach is not less than 1.1 times the
circular pitch. If the pressure angle is 20
0

and if the velocity ratio is 2.5, find;
(i) The least number of teeth on each
gear, if interference is just avoided
and
(ii) Addendum of the gear in terms of
circular pitch.
0
0
Pressure angle =20 ,
Gear ratio G=2.5
Arc of approach =1.1 p
Length of path of approach
=1.1 p cos
1.1 p cos 20 1.034
If interference is to be just avoided,
Length of path of
c
c
c c
p
|
|

= =
Data :

0
approach sin
1.034 sin 20
Hence p =0.3308r
c
c
r
p r
| =
=
|
|
PINION
GEAR
|
Addendum
of pinion =
Base circle
Pitch circle
M
N
P
1
O
2
O
. m
p
a
Base circle
Pitch circle
R
r
Addendum
of gear = g
a . m
80
2
But circular pitch p
2
0.3308 19 20 teeth on pinion
(as G=2.5, T=19 2.5 47.5 which is not admissible)
Hence T=(t G)=(20 2.5)=50 teeth on gear.
Pitch circle radius of gear R=m
2
R
c
c
r
t
r
r t
t
T
p T
t
t
t
=
= = ~
=

| |
|
\ .
=
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
2
50
7.96
2 2
Also path of approach cos sin
. . 1.034 7.96 cos 20 7.96 sin 20
8.37
8.37 7.96 0.41
c
c
A
c A c c
A c
A
c c c
p
p
R R R
i e p R p p
R p addendum radius of the gear
Addendum of the gear R R
p p p m
t

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
=
=
= =
=
= = m

Toothed Gearing

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Toothed Gearing

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Toothed Gearing

Gears are used to transmit motion or power from one shaft

3. For a gear ratio of 3 : 1, the minimum number of teeth on gear

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