CH3CH2Br
CH3CHOHCH3
CH3CHBrCH3
Alcohols react with moist red phosphorus and liquid bromine, heating under reflux and produce bromoalkanes. In the reaction, moist red phosphorus react with Br2 (l) and form phosphorus tri bromide (PBr3), which reacts with alcohol. 3Br2 +2P (s) 2PBr3(l) PBr3 (l) + 3CH3CH2OH 3CH3CH2Br +H3PO3
Reagent: aq iodine and aq sodium hydroixde Condition: warm Type of reaction: oxidation Primary alcohol CH3-CH2-OH + 4I2(aq) + 6NaOH(aq) CHI3 (S) + HCOO-Na+ + 5NaI +5H2O Ethanol warm yellow ppt secondary alcohol CH3-CH(OH)-CH2CH3 + 4I2(aq) + 6NaOH(aq) Butan-2-ol
Tertiary alcohol (CH3)COH + I2(aq) + NaOH(aq) no reaction 2-methylpropan-2-ol warm Though CH3-C(OH) H group is present in some tertiary alcohols they cannot be oxidized by using I2 in NaOH or H2SO4 or dil H2SO4 & KMNO4. this is because C-H bond is absent on the carbinol carbon of tertiary alcohol. In tertairy alcohols carbinol carbon has three C-C bonds, which are stronger than C-H bond in primary and secondary alcohols. The oxidizing agent mentioned above are not strong enough to oxidize the C-C bond, but they can oxidize C-H bond easily in primary and secondary alcohols.
Esterification
Catalyst: concentrated H2SO4 (dehydrating agent - it removes water causing the equilibrium to move to the right and increases the yield Conditions: reflux
Uses of esters
Esters are fairly unreactive but that doesnt make them useless Used as flavourings
Naming esters
Named from the alcohol and carboxylic acid which made them... CH3OH + CH3COOH
from ethanoic acid
CH3COOCH3 + H2O
from methanol
CH3COOCH3
METHYL ETHANOATE