FIRE SAFETY AND BUILDING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

4.1 Fire Safety Rules & Regulations

4.2 Passive Fire Protection 4.2.1 Building Utilization 4.2.2 Compartmentation 4.2.3 Means Of Escape 4.3 Active Fire Protection 4.3.1 Fire Detection System 4.3.2 Fire Extinguisher 4.3.3 Sprinkler System 4.3.4 Mechanical Compartmentation 4.4 Building Transportation Systems 4.4.1elevators 4.4.3 Escalators 4.4.4 Walkalators

4.1: FIRE SAFETY RULES & REGULATIONS

DEFINITION OF FIRE: A Reaction That Happened When A Combustible Material & Oxygen Is Exposed To The Source Of Heat Or Torch DEFINITION OF FIRE SAFETY: Action Plans By Application Of Science And Engineering Principals For Fire Prevention And Protection In A Particular Building And Strategies To Reduce Fire Hazards During A Fire Incident

Protection In The Aspects Of Fire Prevention, Control & Extinguishment For A Certain Areas Based On Availability Of Risk In That Area (Jpbd:2007)

4.1: FIRE SAFETY RULES & REGULATIONS Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the
elements of the fire tetrahedron.
Example: Consider a natural gas flame, such as from a stovetop burner. The fire can be extinguished by any of the following: turning off the gas supply, which removes the fuel source; covering the flame completely, which smothers the flame as the combustion both uses the available oxidizer (the oxygen in the air) and displaces it from the area around the flame with CO2; application of water, which removes heat from the fire faster than the fire can produce it (similarly, blowing hard on a flame will displace the heat of the currently burning gas from its fuel source, to the same end), or application of a retardant chemical such as Halon to the flame, which DELAYS the chemical reaction itself until the rate of combustion is too slow to maintain the chain reaction

4.1: FIRE SAFETY RULES & Objective Of FireREGULATIONS Safety :

To Identify In Details All Fixed Protection System In A Building, Both : (Passive And Active) Two (2) Kinds Of Fire Protections: 1) Fire Prevention 2) Fire Protection (Active & Passive Fire Protection)

Measures undertake to prevent the occurrence of fire :

Education & Training Enforcement Engineering Security Maintenance Good Housekeeping

Causes of fire:
Short circuit Careless and unaware attitude among users Dangerous activities held in building Overheating Pipe Leakage Intentionally burning

Factors contribute to fire

Combustible materials used in building Combustible goods placed in building Poor fire fighting system in building * Poor space arrangement * Improper installation of fire fighting equipments Malfunction of fire fighting equipments. Water shortage in fire fighting system

FIRE PROTECTION
When deciding on what fire protection is appropriate for any given situation, it is important to assess the types of fire hazard that may be faced.
Class A Type of Fire Fire Fighting Agent

Fires that involve flammable solids such as wood, cloth, Water, Dry Chemical Powder, rubber, paper, and some types of plastics Foam Fires that involve flammable liquids or liquifiable solids such as petrol/gasoline, oil, paint, some waxes & plastics, but not cooking fats or oils AND Fires that involve CO2, Dry Chemical Powder, flammable gases, such as natural gas, hydrogen, Foam, Halon propane, butane

Fires that involve any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but with the introduction of an electrical CO2, Dry Chemical Powder, appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized objects Halon in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a conductive agent is used to control the fire Fires that involve combustible metals, such as sodium, magnesium, and potassium Dry Chemical Powder

LAWS & REQUIREMENT ON FIRE SAFETY

1) Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) 1984, - Part VII-Fire Requirements - Part VIII-Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access 2) National Fire Protection Associations (NFNA) 3) Law by Fire Department (Akta Perkhidmatan Bomba 1988)

LAWS & REQUIREMENT ON FIRE 1) Uniform BuildingSAFETY By Law (UBBL) 1984

~

UBBL, is a published document, which is used as a required safety standard and is emphasized by government.

The FRDM strive to discharge its responsibilities in its prevention & safety program, and also its enforcement in relation to inspections of buildings & business licensing activities according to UBBL especially Part 7 & Part 8
Part 7 : Fire Requirement Part 8 : Fire Alarm, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment & Fire Fighting Access.

One of a crucial stage in building design Building plans required to be approved by the Fire Department (Jabatan Bomba & Penyelamat Malaysia- JBPM) before the building can be constructed. Once the construction finished; the building itself will again required to be inspected before approved by JBPM. The practice is part of the requirements by the Local Council before CF is issued.

GOOD BUILDING DESIGN WITH FIRE SAFETY MEASURE Provide adequate fire appliances, fire hydrants and other facilities

to assist fire and rescue personnel Provide adequate fixed installation where appropriate, for quick & effective detection & extinguishment of fire Designing & installing building services so that they do not assist the spread of fire, smoke or any toxic fumes. Designing & providing adequate & safe escape route for the occupants of the building Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the spread of fire or generates hazardous smokes. Subdividing building into compartments of reasonable sizes by mean of fire resisting floor& wall, providing fire stop to protect openings between floor & compartments Designing & constructing the exterior of a building so that the fire unlikely to spread to it from another burning building

4.2 PASSIVE FIRE DEFINITION PROTECTION

:

- Passive fire protection (PFP) is defines as protection through ignition delays, reduce rate of burning and fire spread through use of fireresistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst other examples). - It is an integral component of the three components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building.

ASPECTS OF PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION:

- Building Utilization - Compartmentation - Mean of Escape

Building utilization mean the number of persons using an undivided space, such as a meeting room, classroom, auditorium, hotel room or stadium. As with building codes, fire-protection authorities often set a limit on the number of people that can occupy a space. Reason of limitation number of person are : To ensure occupant must be able to leave the building through the available number of exits in a reasonable amount of time, without tripping or trampling each other In a panicked situation, possibly blinded by smoke.

4.2.1 BUILDING UTILIZATION

4.2.2 COMPARTMENTATIO N
Compartmentation is dividing spaces into small compartments which may contain single or multiple rooms. The purpose of compartmentation is to limit the spread of fire, smoke and flue gases

Compartment means any part of a building which is separated from all other parts by one or more compartment walls or compartment floors or by both such walls and floors; and for the purpose of the Part, if any part of the top storey of a building is within a compartment, the compartment shall include any room space above such part of the storey. (UBBL: Part VII)

Examples of compartmentation : 1. dividing office area into working place, office equipments room ( photostate & paper shredder machine ) and storage area ( papers, files) 2. dividing hospital area into treating room, operation theater and chemical storage area

4.2.2 COMPARTMENTATION Method of compartmentation :

The construction of such compartments and all its components must focus to achieve fire resistance rating which all components are subject to stringent Listing and approval use and compliance in countries, where product certification is mandatory.

Type of component :
1) 2)

Fire - resistant elements Interior furnishing / ceiling

FIRE - RESISTANT ELEMENTS

Firewalls are constructed of concrete or concrete blocks

Fire-resistance rated door

FIRE - RESISTANT ELEMENTS

This I beam has a fireproofing material sprayed onto it as a form of passive fire protection.

INTERIOR FURNISHI NG / CEILING

Spraying fireproofing to the ceiling using a gypsum based plaster

DEFINITION :

4.2.3 MEANS OF ESCAPE

OSHA define an escape route or an exit route as a continuous and non-

obstructed path of exit travel from any point within a workplace to a place of safety.
An exit route consists of three parts: Exit access portion of an exit route that leads to an exit. Exit portion of an exit route that is generally separated from other areas to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge. Exit discharge part of the exit route that leads directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside.

emergency exit in Stockholm's underground station "Universitetet"

Exit routes must be permanent parts of the workplace. Exit discharges must lead directly outside These exit discharge areas must be large enough to accommodate the building occupants

THE DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF THE EXIT ROUTES

Side-hinged exit doors must be used to connect rooms to exit routes. These doors must swing out in the direction of exit travel if the room is to be occupied by more than 50 people or if the room is a high-hazard area. Exit routes must support the maximum permitted occupant load for each floor served, and the capacity of an exit route may not decrease in the direction of exit route travel to the exit discharge. Ceilings of exit routes must be at least 7 feet,6 inches high.

Exit stairs that continue beyond the level on which the exit discharge is located must be interrupted at that level by doors, partitions, or other effective means that clearly indicate the direction of travel leading to the exit discharge.

Exit route doors must be unlocked from the inside. They must be free of devices or alarms that could restrict use of the exit route if the device or alarm fails.

An exit access must be at least 28 inches wide at all points. Where there is only one exit access leading to an exit or exit discharge, the width of the exit and exit discharge must be at least equal to the width of the exit access. Objects that project into the exit must not reduce its width.

Exits must be separated by fire resistant materials - that is, one-hour fire-resistance rating if the exit connects three or fewer stories and two-hour fire-resistance rating if the exit connects more than three floors.

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR EXIT

Exits are permitted to have only those openings necessary to allow access to the exit from occupied areas of the workplace or to the exit discharge. Openings must be protected by a self-closing, approved fire door that remains closed or automatically closes in an emergency.

MEANS OF ESCAPE

4.3 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

4.1 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Definition : Active fire protection (AFP) is characterized by items or system, which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work, contrary to passive fire protection. There are 2 kinds of active fire protections 1) Fire Detection 2) Fire Suppression

FIRE DETECTION

FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

Fire

detection system is designed to identify unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. There are 2 types of fire detection systems :
1) manually fire detection system 2) automatic fire detection system Fire detection system components consist of: 1) Alarm 2) Manual call point 3) Detector (smoke, thermal / heat or flame)

Manual Fire Alarm Detection

Fire Occurrence

Fire Detection Device

Manual Call Point/Break Glass/ Phone

Alarm Trigger

Manually Call Fire Department

Manual Fire Alarm Detection Devices

Automatic Fire Alarm Detection

Fire Occurrence

Detected Devices (Automatic detector/Heat Detector)

Fire Alarm Trigger

Detected on Control Panel (Show fire location in building) Automatic Connected to Fire Department

Automatic Fire Alarm Detection Devices

Smoke Detector

Fire Control Panel

Heat Detector

FIRE SUPPRESSION

Fire suppression system is used in conjunction with fire detection system to increase public safety. This system are governed by the codes under the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) Types of fire protection: 1) Fire Extinguisher * Portable fire extinguisher * Automatic fire extinguisher 2) Hydrants * Hose reel * Wet riser * Dry riser * Foam riser 3) Smoke Extraction & Ventilation

FIRE EXTINGUISHER
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Portable extinguishers are intended as a first line of defense to cope with fires of limited size. They are needed even when a facility is equipped with automatic sprinklers, standpipe and hose, or other fixed protection equipment. Fire extinguisher training is provided by contacting the Health and Safety Office Fire Safety Section.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER
AUTOMATIC FIRE EXTINGUISHER

1) Sprinkler system 2) Gas / Foam system Fire sprinkler system Consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinkler are connected.

There are 2 main types of fire sprinkler system: 1) Wet pipe system 2) Dry pipe system

FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Wet Pipe System When an automatic sprinkler is exposed for a sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating, the heat sensitive element (glass bulb or fusible link) releases, allowing water to flow from that sprinkler. Dry Pipe System

When one or more of the automatic sprinklers is exposed to for a sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating, it opens, allowing the air in the piping to vent from that sprinkler. Each sprinkler operates individually. As the air pressure in the piping drops, the pressure differential across the dry pipe valve changes, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flow from sprinklers needed to control the fire is delayed until the air is vented from the sprinklers. For this reason, dry pipe systems are usually not as effective as wet pipe systems in fire control during the initial stages of the fire.

FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Direct System
In-Direct System Dry System: No Water in range pipe Wet System: Water Ready in range pipe

FIRE SPRINKLER

Types sprinkler head : Glass bulb, Fusible link, Chemical, Open

GAS / FOAM SYSTEM

Gas or foam water fire sprinkler system is a special application system, discharging a gas such as CO2 or mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate, resulting in a foam spray from the sprinkler. These systems are usually used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires, such as flammable liquids, electrical room, computer and database room and airport hangars

HYDRANTS
Fire hydrants consists of hose reel and riser. There are 3 types of riser which are: 1) Dry Riser 2) Wet Riser 3) Foam Riser

HYDRANTS SYSTEM
Dry riser No water in riser pipe

Wet riser Water ready in riser pipe

SMOKE EXTRACTION & VENTILATION

Objectives 1) to aid fire control by eliminating smoke, heat, toxic and inflammable gasses from the source of fire 2) to retain visibility of escapers 3) to provide clear access for firefighters

Fire Safety Products/Devices

SELF TEST QUESTIONS

WHAT IS ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION? ( 2 MARKS )

LIST 3 TYPES OF SPRINKLER HEAD ( 3 MARKS )

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE OF MANUALLY AND AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM SYSTEM (5 MARKS)