Continued..
Travelling Waves
A
wave that appears to be moving in one particular direction is called a Travelling wave.
Characteristics
The highest point on wave Crest
Wavelength
The
distance between any two equivalent points on a wave. Equivalent points: Same height & same direction.
T=
Example
The equation of certain traveling waves is y(x,t) = 0.0450 sin(25.12x - 37.68t - 0.523) where x and y are in meters, and t in seconds. Determine the following: (a) Amplitude, (b) wave number, (c) wavelength, (d) angular frequency, (e) frequency, (f) phase angle, (g) the wave propagation speed. Solution: Comparing this equation with the general form, results in (a) A = 0.0450m (b) k = 25.12m-1 (c) = (2 / k) = 0.250m (d) = 37.68 rad/s (e) f = ( / 2) = 6.00Hz (f) = -0.523 rad (g) v = f = (6.00 Hz)(0.250m) = 1.50 m/s
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Standing waves
Whenever
two wave trains of same amplitude, frequency and having proper phase travel in opposite direction through a medium. The waves does not appear to go anywhere but oscillates up and down.
Standing waves
Stationary
points---
Notice
that distance from node to node or from anti node to anti node is half a wavelength.
a string of length l which is stretched & clamped at two ends. Tension is string is T. We have to find characteristic frequencies of vibration- resonant frequencies of string when plucked at different places.
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Case 01
Two transverse waves originate from mid point. One move to left Other to right. Both reflected from clamped ends. Incident and reflected waves give rise to stationary waves. String vibrate with characteristic frequency f1. Nodes formed at two clamped ends Mid point becomes anti node Distance between two consecutive nodes = half wavelength Wavelength of this mode of vibration of string is 1/2 = or 1 = 2 Speed of either component of wave = v = 1 f1= v/2 If m = mass/length T = tension in string then
v=
f1 =
1 2
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Case 02
String vibrates in two loops with characteristic frequency f2. If 2 is wavelength of this mode of vibration, then 2 = 2 2 2 =
or
f2 = v / 2 =
V= 2 f2
Therefore f2 = 2f1
1 Or f2 =
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Case 03
String vibrates in three loops with characteristic frequency f3. If 2 is wavelength of this mode of vibration, then 3 = 2 3 3 = 2/3
or
V= 3 f3
3 f3 = v / 3 = 2
Therefore f3 = 3f1
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2 n=
fn = nf1 = = 2
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Example
A wire of length 1.4m and mass of 0.052kg is stretched by means of 15kg. Calculate frequency of fundamental vibration.
Solution: Mass /length = 0.052/1.4 = 0.037kg/m Tension in wire = mg = 0.052*9.8 = 147N
1 f1= = 2
= 22.5 Hz.
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