Presented By:Department of Mechanical Engineering

Aman Agrawal 09EVVME005 VIII SEM ME

 To develop more efficient and cost-effective small-scale H2 liquefiers as an alternative to vapour-compression cycles using Magnetic refrigeration (adiabatic magnetization)

To understand the Principle and mechanism for generating cooling effect using the magnet.

 Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magneto caloric effect. This technique can be used to attain extremely low temperatures (well below 1 Kelvin), as well as the ranges used in common refrigerators, depending on the design of the system. It is a physical process that exploits the magnetic properties of certain solid materials to produce refrigeration.

The refrigerant is often a paramagnetic salt, such as cerium magnesium nitrate.

It gives cooling nearest to absolute zero than any other method hence it made liquidification of gases easier. At the same time it does not emit any CFC or HCFC compounds hence it never affects our environment specially OZONE layer.

Magneto caloric effect was discovered in pure iron in 1881 by E. Warburg. DeDebye (1926) & Giauque (1927) proposed a improved technique of cooling via adiabatic demagnetization independently.

The cooling technology was first demonstrated experimentally in 1933 by chemist Nobel Laureate William F.Giauque & his colleague Dr.D.P. MacDougall for cryogenic purposes.
In 1997,Prof. Karl A. Gscheidner, Jr. by the lowa State University at Ames Laboratory demonstrated the first near room temperature proof of concept magnetic refrigerator.

MCE is a magneto-thermodynamic phenomenon in which a reversible change in temperature of a suitable material is caused by exposing the material to changing magnetic field. All magnets bears a property called Currie effect i.e. If a temperature of magnet is increased from lower to higher range at certain temperature magnet looses the magnetic field. Currie temperature Depends on individual material. property of each

As Energy input to the magnet is increased the orientation of the magnetic dipoles in a magnet starts loosing orientation. And vice a versa at curie temperature as magnet looses energy to the media it regains the property.

 Process is similar to gas compression and expansion cycle as used in regular refrigeration cycle Steps of thermodynamic Cycle :-> Adiabatic Magnetization
Isomagnetic Enthalpy Transfer

Adiabatic demagnetization
Isomagnetic Entropic Transfer

Substance placed in insulated environment

Magnetic field +H increased

This causes the magnetic dipoles of the atoms to align

The net result is that total Entropy of the item is not reduced and item heats up (T + Tad )

Added heat removed by a fluid like water or helium (-Q)

Magnetic Field held constant to prevent the dipoles from reabsorbing the heat.

After a sufficient cooling Magnetocalric material and coolant are separated(H=0)

Substance returned to another adiabatic(insulated) condition Entropy remains constant Magnetic field is decreased Thermal Energy causes the Magnetic moments to overcome the field and sample cools(adiabatic temperature change)

Energy transfers from thermal entropy to magnetic entropy(disorder of the magnetic dipoles)

 Material is placed in thermal contact with the Environment being

refrigerated

Magnetic field is placed in thermal contact with the environment being refrigerated

Magnetic field held constant to prevent material from heating back up

Because the working material is cooler than the refrigerated environment, heat energy migrates into the working material(+Q) Once the refrigerant and refrigerated environment are in thermal equilibrium, the cycle continuous.

Components required for construction : Magnets

Hot Heat exchanger Cold Heat Exchanger

Drive
Magneto caloric wheel

 Magnets: Magnets provide the magnetic field to the material so that they can loose or gain the heat to the surrounding and from the space to be cooled respectively.

Hot Heat Exchanger: The hot heat exchanger absorbs the heat from
the material used and gives off to the surrounding. It makes the transfer of heat much effective ferry magnets

Cold Heat Exchanger: The cold heat exchanger absorbs the heat from
the space to be cooled and gives it to the magnetic material. It helps to make the absorption of heat effective.

Drive: Drive provides the right rotation to the Magneto caloric wheel. Due
to this heat flows in the right desired direction.

Magneto caloric Wheel: It forms the structure of the whole device. It

joins both the two magnets to work properly.

 Magnetic Materials

Regenerators

Super Conducting Magnets

Active Magnetic Regenerators

 MCE is an intrinsic property of a magnetic solid Ease of application and removal of magnetic effect is most desired property of material Alloys of gadolinium produce 3 to 4 K per tesla of change in magnetic field are used for magnetic refrigeration or power generation purposes. ferrimagnets, antiferromagnets and spin glass systems are not suitable for this application. Gd5(SixGe1 x)4, La(FexSi1 x)13Hx and MnFeP1 xAsx alloys are some of the most promising substitutes for Gadolinium and its alloys

Magnetic refrigeration requires excellent heat transfer to and from the solid magnetic material. Efficient heat transfer requires the large surface areas offered by porous materials. When these porous solids are used in refrigerators, they are referred to as Regenerators

Typical regenerator geometries include:

Tubes Perforated plates Wire screens Particle beds

Most practical magnetic refrigerators are based on superconducting magnets operating at cryogenic temperatures (i.e., at -269 C or 4 K) These devices are electromagnets that conduct electricity with essentially no resistive losses. The superconducting wire most commonly used is made of a Niobium-Titanium alloy

A regenerator that undergoes cyclic heat transfer operations and the magneto caloric effect is called an Active Magnetic Regenerator. An AMR should be designed to possess the following attributes: High heat transfer rate High magneto caloric effect Sufficient structural integrity Low thermal conduction in the direction of fluid flow Affordable materials Ease of manufacture

TECHNICAL
High Efficiency Reduced Operating Cost Compactness Reliability

SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Competition in Global Market Low Capital Cost Key Factor to new technologies

At the present stage of the development of magnetic refrigerators with permanent magnets, hardly any freezing applications are feasible Some of the future applications are:Magnetic household refrigeration appliances Magnetic cooling and air conditioning in buildings and houses

Central cooling system

Refrigeration in medicine Cooling in food industry and storage

Cooling in transportation
Cooling of electronic equipments

Purchase cost may be high, but running costs are 20% less than the conventional chillers.

Thus life cycle cost is much less.

Ozone depleting refrigerants are avoided in this system, hence it more eco-friendly. Energy conservation and reducing the energy costs are added advantages. The efficiency of magnetic refrigeration is 60% to 70% as compared to Carnot cycle. Magnetic refrigeration is totally maintenance free & mechanically simple in construction.

As every coin has 2 sides, this technique also posses some drawbacks to be worked on
The initial investment is more as compared with conventional refrigeration. The magneto caloric materials are rare earth materials hence their availability also adds up an disadvantage in MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION.

 It is a technology that has proven to be environmentally safe. Computer models have shown 25% efficiency improvement over vapor compression Systems. In order to make the magnetic refrigerator commercially Viable, scientists need to know how to achieve larger temperature swings and also permanent magnets which can produce strong magnetic fields of order 10 tesla. There are still some thermal and magnetic hysteresis problems to be Solved for the materials that exhibit the MCE to become really useful Two advantages to using magnetic refrigeration over vapor compressed systems are no hazardous chemicals used and they can be up to 60% efficient.