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Fetal membranes and placenta

Any membrane that functions for the


protection
or nourishment
or respiration
or excretion
of a developing fetus
is called a fetal membrane.
AMNION

 Derived from
ectoderm
 Completely covers the
embryo and lines the
fetal aspect of placenta
 Secretes amniotic fluid
to protect the fetus
The amniotic fluid is derived from
the amniochorionic membrane,
through the fetal skin, from the
respiratory tract and urinary tract.

The fetus swallows


about 400ml of amniotic fluid a day in the
final stages of pregnancy.
Amniotic fluid(liquor amnii)

increases in quantity up to the sixth or seventh


month of pregnancy,
after which it diminishes somewhat;
at the end of pregnancy it amounts to about 1 liter.
Amniotic fluid

It allows of the free movements of the


fetus during the later stages of
pregnancy,
and also protects it by diminishing the
risk of injury from without.
An abnormally High levels of amniotic fluid, is
called polyhydramnios (>2000ml).
Low levels of amniotic fluid (<1000ml at term) is
called oligohydramnios.

Both conditions are associated with


congenital anomalies(birth defects)
amniocentesis
chorion
chorion
 The outer membrane
derived from the wall of
the blastocyst
 Made up of
syncitiotrophoblast,
 Cytotrophoblast,
 and
 Extra embryonic
mesoderm(from outside to
inside)
Chorion forms fingerlike projections called villi
Where the villi are present,it is
Chorion frondosum(fetal part of the placenta).
where the villi disappear and is smooth
is called chorion laeve.
Placenta and fetal membranes

Smooth,fetal part

Rough,maternal part

(cotyledons)
Chorionic villi are the functional units of placenta.
Fragments of these villi can be studied for
congenital anomalies of the fetus.

This procedure is called


Chorion villus sampling(CVS)
or chorion villus biopsy
Allantois(allantoic diverticulum)
Allantoic divericulum
 A projection from the
yolk sac in to the
connecting stalk.(body
stalk)
 After the tail folding
of the embryo, it is
incorporated into the
hindgut.
allantois
In adults, it remains as
 median umbilical ligament
 connecting the apex of the urinary bladder
 to the umbilicus.
allantois

It collects waste materials


from the embryo,
and can be a site of gas
exchange.
Urachus and anomalies
 A partially obliterated
allantois in fetal life is
called Urachus.
 This will obliterate
postnatal and becomes the
median umbilical
ligament.
 Any failure to do so
results in
 patent Urachus(weeping
umbilicus)
allantois(1)
urinary bladder(2)
yolk sac
Yolk sac  Yolk sac: Not all yolk
has to do with birds'
eggs.
 human beings have a
yolk sac, too.
 The human yolk sac is a
membrane outside the
embryo that is connected
by a tube (the yolk stalk)
 through the umbilical
opening to the embryo's
midgut.

yolk sac

The yolk sac serves as an early site for


the formation of blood and in time is
incorporated into the primitive gut of the
embryo.
Primordial germ cells are formed in the
yolk sac
Yolk sac
Human placenta

placenta: an organ that develops from fetal


membranes and functions to pass oxygen,
nutrients, and other substances to and waste
material from the fetus.
Decidua
 After implantation the endometrium is
called ‘Decidua’
 Divided into D.basalis
 D.capsularis
 D.parietalis
Parts of placenta

Maternal part from Decidua basalis


Fetal part from chorion frondosum
Stages in the formation of Chorionic villi

1.primary villus--- has an outer syncitio trophoblast


and inner cyto trophoblast
2. Secondary villus--- syncitio trphoblast+ cyto trophoblast+
Extra embryonic mesoderm
3. Tertiary villus--- above structures+fetal blood vessels
Placentation

Figure 28.7a-c
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Placentation

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.7d
Placentation

Figure 28.7f
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chorion laeve
After birth
 The placenta,chorion,and amnion are
expelled approx. after 30 minutes after the
child delivery by uterine contractions.
 This process is called afterbirth
After birth (the shedding of placenta)

Placenta

Umbilical cord

Partially dilated cervix


Uterus

First stage of labor: Second stage of labor: Third stage of labor:


Cervical dilation Delivery of the baby Delivery of the placenta
Gross features of placenta
The human placenta is defined as

Discoidal
Deciduate
Hemochorial
Chorioallntoic
Villus type
Placenta at term
About 500g in weight
Has rough maternal surface showing cotyledons
And a fetal surface which is smooth and
To which the umbilical cord is attached.

P5310289
Abnormalities of placenta (variations)
Bi lobate placenta
Placenta succenturiata

 A small part of the


placenta is separate from
the main mass
Battledore placenta
 The umbilical cord is
attached to the
periphery.
Velamentous placenta
 The umbilical vessels
divide into many
branches before
entering placenta
Diffuse placenta

Chorionic villi persist at


the abemembryonic pole also
resulting in diffuse placenta
Circumvallate placenta
Abnormalities of the placenta
• Placenta previa
– placenta implantation at the lower segment of
the uterus
– obstructing the descent of the baby’s head
– presented with antepartum hemorrhage
Placenta previa

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