Origins, insertions, and Actions Agonist and Antagonist Synergist - assists directly in a movement (counteractions)
Musculoskeletal System
Skeleton
Muscles function by pulling against bones that rotate about joints and transmit force through the skin to the environment. The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Skeletal Musculature
A system of muscles enables the skeleton to move. Origin = proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment Insertion = distal (away from the center of the body) attach-ment
Mechanical Advantage
mechanical advantage: The ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through which a resistive force acts. A mechanical advantage greater than 1.0 allows the applied (muscle) force to be less than the resistive force to produce an equal amount of torque. A mechanical advantage of less than 1.0 is a disadvantage in the common sense of the term.
Torque
The degree to which a force tends to rotate and object about a specified axis of rotation (fulcrum)
Levers
First-class lever Second-class lever Third-class lever
Figure 4.9
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Moment Arm
Figure 4.8 (next slide)
As a weight is lifted, the moment arm (M) through which the weight acts, and thus the resistive torque, changes with the horizontal distance from the weight to the elbow.
Figure 4.8
Key Point
Most of the skeletal muscles operate at a considerable mechanical disadvantage. Thus, during sports and other physical activities, forces in the muscles and tendons are much higher than those exerted by the hands or feet on external objects or the ground.
Find Power
Subject
BW 130 kg 1 RM Clean 150 kg Distance traveled .65m Time to lockout .6s
Clean
Work=Force x gravitational constant x distance (w=150kgx9.8m/sx.65m) (w=955Nm) Power=work/time (p=955Nm/.6s) (p=1591.7watts) Realative Power= power/BW (Rp= 1591.7watts/130kg) (Rp=12.2watts/kg)
Deadlift
Work=Force x gravitational constant x distance (w=300kgx9.8m/sx.4m) (w=1176 Nm) Power=work/time (p=1174Nm/2.5s) (p=470.4 watts) Realative Power= power/BW (Rp= 470.4watts/130kg) (Rp=3.62watts/kg)
Muscle length Joint Angle Muscle Contraction Velocity Joint angular speed Strength to Mass ratio Body Size
Key Terms
pennate muscle: A muscle with fibers that align obliquely with the tendon, creating a featherlike arrangement. angle of pennation: The angle between the muscle fibers and an imaginary line between the muscles origin and insertion; 0 corresponds to no pennation.
Figure 4.11
Figure 4.12
Sources of Resistance
Gravity
Weight is horizontally closer to the joint it exerts less resistive force (torque) Weight is horizontally further from the joint it exerts more resistive force 9.8 m/s
Section Outline
Sources of Resistance to Muscle Contraction
Gravity
Applications to Resistance Training Weight-Stack Machines
Weight-Stack Machines
Gravity is the source of resistance, but machines provide increased control over the direction and pattern of resistance.
Figure 4.14
Friction
Friction is the resistive force encountered when one attempts to move an object while it is pressed against another object.
Elasticity
The more an elastic component is stretched, the greater the resistance.
Shoulders Knees
Fluid Ball
Figure 4.15 (next slide)
The fluid ball resulting from contraction of the deep abdominal muscles and the diaphragm
Figure 4.15
Key Term
Valsalva maneuver: The glottis is closed, thus keeping air from escaping the lungs, and the muscles of the abdomen and rib cage contract, creating rigid compartments of liquid in the lower torso and air in the upper torso.
Knees
The knee is prone to injury because of its location between two long levers. Minimize the use of wraps.
Figure 4.16
Key Point
Specificity is a major consideration when one is designing an exercise program to improve performance in a particular sport activity. The sport movement must be analyzed qualitatively or quantitatively to determine the specific joint movements that contribute to the whole-body movement. Exercises that use similar joint movements are then emphasized in the resistance training program.