AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR-II

GROUP MEMBERS
Nabeel Hasan Zaidi (Group leader) Tashia Mussawer Madiha Nadeem Rumsha Nadeem Bilal Nasir

HISTORY OF WORLD WAR-2

The world war 2 begun on September 1 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany The War was fought between AXIS and ALLIES Major Countries of Axis were Germany, Italy and Japan Major Countries of Allies were Britain, USA, France and Soviet Union Largest armed conflict in history, It introduced new powerful weapons The war concluded on September 2 1945 when Japan officially surrendered

Timeline of World War 2

Axis
Germany Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Hermann Gring Japan Hirohito Hideki Tojo Fumimaro Konoe Kingdom of Italy Benito Mussolini Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Pietro Badoglio

Leader of Nazi Germany 2nd in command Prime Minister of Prussia

Emperor of Japan Prime Minister from 1941 -44 Prime Minister from 1937-41 Prime Minister from 1922 -43 King of Italy Marshal of the Army

Allied leaders of World War II

Britain Winston Churchill Prime minister from 1940-45 Clement Attlee Labour Party leader during the war Dudley Pound Head of the Royal Navy Alan Brooke Head of Britain's Army USA Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President from 1939-45 Harry S. Truman 33rd President from 1945-53 George Marshall Chief of Staff Dwight D Eisenhower Supreme Commander (Allied forces in Europe) Soviet Union Joseph Stalin General Secretary of the Communist Party Vyacheslav Molotov Foreign Minister from 1939-49 Georgy Zhukov Soviet Field Marshal

Causes of World War 2

Failure of treaty of Versailles Failure of league of nation Failure of appeasement Hitlers action

Treaty Of Versailles
It was often claimed that treaty of Versailles was a failure because of many reasons such as: The treaty didnt satisfy the Big Three (France, US and Britain) Reparations left many people in the victorious nations feeling guilty. The loss of all that land to other countries simply made Hitler's early aggression look justified. Hitler wanted to gain back the pride and glory of Germany. He came into power in 1933 and maintained his military buildup and developed strategies to take his territories back. Most of all, the Treaty made the Germans angry, just waiting their chance for revenge.

Failure Of League of Nations

It was a failure because: Not all countries joined the League. The League had no power. Unable to act quickly. It was weak from the beginning, and it failed to prevent Hitler breaking the Treaty of Versailles. It failed to achieve disarmament, which resulted in an arms race. Countries left the failing League, and realized that they would have to fight a war.

Failure Of Appeasement
The policy of appeasement was a contributing factor to the outbreak of World War II because it was used against an opponent (Hitler) whose immediate goals included domination of Europe. Appeasement encouraged war. It made Hitler thinks no one dare stop him, which encouraged him to go further and further until in the end he went too far. The Sudetenland led Stalin to make the NaziSoviet Pact, because he believed he could not trust Britain.

Hitlers Actions
Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Almost immediately he began secretly building up Germany's army and weapons. Hitlers aims in foreign policy: 1. Destroy the treaty of Versailles 2. Unite all German people under one roof. 3. Conquer Lebensraum (living space) for the German people. 4. Destroy communism.

Major battles of World War 2

Battles Atlantic Berlin Britain Leningrad (Siege) Normandy Okinawa Operation Barbarossa Pearl Harbor Stalingrad Dates Sep 1939 - May 1945 April 16 - May 2,1945 July 10 - October 31, 1940 Sep 8, 1941 - Jan 27, 1944 June 6 - August 25, 1944 April 1 - June 21, 1945 June 22 Dec 1941 December 7, 1941 Aug 21, 1942 - Feb 2, 1943

IMMEDIATE IMPACTS OF WORLD WAR-2

World War 2 Casualties

The total estimated human loss of life caused by World War II, irrespective of political alignment, was roughly 62 million people Civilian toll was 37 million and Military toll was 25 million The Allies lost around 51 million people, and the Axis lost 11 million.

Pie-chart showing percentage of military and civilian deaths by alliance during World War II

Economic effect
At the end of the war, millions of people were homeless European economy had collapse Soviet Union was had been heavily effected United Kingdom had ended the war economically exhausted

Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary program, 194751, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe The initiative was named after Secretary of State George Marshall The Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states on a roughly per capital basis. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. Somewhat more aid per capital was also directed towards the Allied nations, with less for those that had been part of the Axis or remained neutral

Country Austria Belgium and Luxembourg Denmark France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal United Kingdom Turkey Total

1948/49 ($ millions) 232 195 103 1085 510 175 6 88 594 471 82 0 1316 28 4803

1949/50 ($ millions) 166 222 87 691 438 156 22 45 405 302 90 0 921 59 3604

1950/51 ($ millions) 70 360 195 520 500 45 15 0 205 355 200 70 1060 50 3645

Cumulative ($ millions) 468 777 385 2296 1448 376 43 133 1204 1128 372 70 3297 137 12052

Effects
The Marshall Plan was originally scheduled to end in 1953. Any effort to extend it was halted by the growing cost of the Korean War and rearmament. American Republicans hostile to the plan had also gained seats in the 1950 Congressional elections, and conservative opposition to the plan was revived. Thus the plan ended in 1951, though various other forms of American aid to Europe continued afterwards The years 1948 to 1952 saw the fastest period of growth in European history Industrial production increased by 35%. Agricultural production substantially surpassed pre-war levels. The poverty and starvation of the immediate postwar years disappeared, and Western Europe embarked upon an unprecedented two decades of growth that saw standards of living increase dramatically

Post war economic boom

The postWorld War II economic expansion, also known as the postwar economic boom, the long boom, and the Golden Age of Capitalism, was a period of economic prosperity in the mid 20th century, occurred mainly in western countries, and which followed the end of World War II in 1945, and lasted until the early 1970s The economic expansion( economic boom) ended with the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, the 1973 oil crisis, and the 19731974 stock market crash, which led to the 1970s recession. Narrowly defined, the period

Dating the period

The start of Economic expansion was on 1950-51 and end date in which expansion would collapse was 1973 The boom ended with a number of events in the early 1970s: the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 the growing influx of imported manufacturing goods, such as automobiles and electronics the 1973 oil crisis, the 19731974 stock market crash, the ensuing 1970s recession, and the ensuing displacement of Keynesian economics by monetarist economics

Global economic climate

The golden age was a time of unusual financial stability, with crises far less frequent and intense than before or after . Martin Wolf reports that between 194571 (27 years) the world saw only 38 financial crises, whereas from 197397 (24 years) there were 139

Causes
Keynesian economics Immediate post-war policy Institutional factors Military spending

Germany, after World War 2

After World War 2 Germany was divided into 4 parts and 2 Main Countries
Federal Republic of Germany better known as West Germany the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. The German Democratic Republic better known as East Germany was the socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany

Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a Socialist State in East Germany. The date on which the Wall fell is considered to have been 9 November 1989

Reconstruction of Germany
1945, the Allied forces worked heavily on removing Nazi symbolism from Germany, this process was dubbed "denazification. In 1948, the Deutsche Mark replaced the occupation currency as the currency of the Western occupation zones, leading to their eventual economic recovery. In the years 1947-1952 some $13 billion of economic and technical assistance-equivalent to around $130 billion in 2006--were allocated to Western Europe In the years 1949-1952 West Germany received loans which totaled $1.45 billion dollars--equivalent to around $14.5 billion in 2006. The country subsequently began exporting local products, reduced unemployment, increased food production, reduced the black market, and slowly, but continuously, improved the country's standard of living

Rehabilitation Milestones
In 1948 the Deutsche Mark replaced the almost worthless Reichsmark in the Allied western occupation zones initiating the start of economic recovery in western Germany In 1949 West Germany is formed from the Western occupation zones, with the exception of the Saarland. The Marshall Plan is extended to also include West Germany. In 1950 dismantling of West German heavy industry ends. In 1955 the military occupation of West Germany ends. In 1955 NATO, which was formed in 1948, allowed West Germany to join. In 1957 France returned the Saarland to West Germany. West Germany was one of the founding nations of the European Union. In 1973 West Germany joined the United Nations (formed in 1945). In 1991 Germany was allowed to become fully sovereign after signing the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

Japan

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, the first on August 6, 1945 and the second on August 9, 1945 Survivors of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, known as hibakush were ostracized by Japanese society. Japan provided no special assistance to these people until 1952 By the 65th anniversary of the bombings, total casualties from the initial attack and later deaths reached about 270,000 in Hiroshima, and 150,000 in Nagasak About 230,000 hibakusha are still alive, about 2200 of whom are suffering from radiation-caused illnesses

Japanese post-war economic miracle

In the mid- to late-1940's, wartime expenses threatened economic ruin in Japan. Post-war inflation, unemployment and shortages in all areas seemed overwhelming. The American government, played a crucial role in Japans initial economic recovery Japans economy survived the deep recession caused by a loss of the U.S. payments for military procurement and continued to make gains. By the late 1960s, Japan had risen from the ashes of World War II to achieve an astoundingly rapid and complete economic recovery The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) was instrumental in Japan's post-war economic recovery. Golden Sixties" and shift to export trade The period of growth came to an end with the bursting of the Japanese asset price bubble in 1991. This was followed by the "Lost Decade" (1991 2000).

United Nations
Because the League of Nations had failed to actively prevent the war, in 1945 a new international alliance was considered and then created, the United Nations (UN). Yalta, Russia in Feb 4 1945 Churchill (UK) Roosevelt (USA) and Stalin (USSR) set a goal of forming of United Nation which was to be held in San Francisco on 25 April 1945 United Nation mission to held peaceful settlements for all disputes The UN also was responsible for the initial recognition of the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948, in part as a response to the Holocaust. United Nations has taken a more active role in the world, such as fighting diseases and providing humanitarian aid to nations in distress. The UN also served as the diplomatic front line during the Cold War.

European Union
The European Union grew out of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Founded in 1951 by the six founding members: Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg(the Benelux countries) and West Germany, France and Italy Its purpose was to pool the steel and coal resources of the member states, and to support the economies of the participating countries The E.U helped defuse tensions between countries which had recently been enemies in the war. In time this economic merger grew, adding members and broadening in scope, to become the European Economic Community, and later the European Union.

Cold War
The end of World War II is seen by many as marking the end of the United Kingdom's position as a global superpower and the catalyst for the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as the dominant powers in the world In the areas occupied by Western Allied troops, prewar governments were re-established or new democratic governments were created In the areas occupied by Soviet troops, including the territories of former Allies such as Poland, communist states were created. These became satellites of the Soviet Union.

Technology
After World War 2 there was massive rise in the field of science and technology The massive research and development involved in the Manhattan Project in order to quickly achieve a working nuclear weapon design greatly impacted the scientific community the pressing for numerous calculations for various things like code-breaking (Colossus) and ballistics tables kick-started the development of electronic computer technology.

Social Effects
One of the social effects which affected almost all participants to a certain degree was the increased participation of women in the workforce (where they took the place of many men during the war years), though this was somewhat reduced in the decades following the war The German soldiers left many war children behind in nations such as France and Denmark, which were occupied for an extended period. After the war, the children and their mothers often suffered recriminations The casualties experienced by the combatant nations impacted the demographic profile of the post war populations.

Military effects
World War II marked the coming of age of airpower. Advanced aircraft and guided missiles were developed late in the war The war was the high-water mark for mass armies, after this victory the major powers relied upon small highly-trained and well-equipped militaries World War II ushered in the nuclear era, with the dropping of the first atomic bombs on the Japanese of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

Conclusion

Question & Answers