Three Phase Inverter

1
Fig.1 Three phase PWM bridge inverter

Three-Phase Inverter

Basically, it is the combination of three sets of single phase inverter supplied from common
DC source and each set conducted with a phase difference of 120
0
to each other.

Let O be the mid point of DC supply Ref Zero potential point.
V
R
= Potential of point R with respect to O
V
Y
= Potential of point Y with respect to O
V
B
= Potential of point B with respect to O
2

Waveforms of three-phase inverter :
Line to line voltages are:
V
RY
= V
R
V
Y

V
YB
= V
Y
V
B

V
BR
= V
B
V
R

3
Waveforms of three-phase inverter : (Contd )
Considering the balanced three phase load :
V
RN
+ V
YN
+ V
BN
= 0
The per phase voltages are:
V
RN
= V
R
V
N,
V
YN
= V
Y
V
N
, and V
BN
= V
B
V
N
Where, V
N
= Potential of load neutral point N w.r.t. potential of point O
The above three equations can be re-write as follows:
4
V
R
= V
RN
+ V
N

V
Y
= V
YN
+ V
N,
V
B
= V
BN
+ V
N

Adding these three equations, gives:
V
R
+V
Y
+ V
B
= V
RN
+ V
YN
+ V
BN
+ 3 V
N

Or V
N
= 1/3(V
R
+ V
Y
+ V
B
) Hence the Waveform of V
N
can be traced.
Then per phase voltage can be written as follows and waveforms can be traced
accordingly.
Waveforms of three-phase inverter : (Contd )
5
Fourier Analysis of 3ph inverter waveform
Waveform of V
R
:
V
R

V
R
(1)
+ V
S
/2

0 t 2t u (=et)

-V
S
/2

Since the waveform has half-wave symmetry, it will have only odd harmonics and given by
=
= ,2 1, m
) (m Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

R
V u
t
m
2
Vs
1.27 ) (
2 .
.Vs 4
(1)
R
V And = = u
t
Sin
Considering other two phases:
=
= ,2 1, m
) (m Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

R
V u
t
m
=
= ,2 1, m
)] 3 / 2 [m( Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

Y
V t u
t
m
=
= ,2 1, m
)] 3 / 4 [m( Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

B
V t u
t
m
( 5.13)
We can break these series into
3 sub series as follow:
6
Fourier Analysis of 3ph inverter waveform Contd
1
st
Sub-series : m = 1,,6 (i.e. 1
st
, 7
th
, 13
th
and so on )
2nd Sub-series : m = 3,,6 (i.e. 3
rd
, 9
th
, 15
th
and so on )
3
rd
Sub-series : m = 5,,6 (i.e. 5
th
, 11
th
, 17
th
and so on )
Let us study the nature of these three sub-series

1st Sub-series : m = 1,,6 ( Or m = 1+6k; Where k = 0,1 , 2 , 3 and so on)
=
= ,6 1, m
) (m Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

R
V u
t
m
=
= ,6 1, m
)] 3 / 2 [m( Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

Y
V t u
t
m
=
= ,6 1, m
)] 3 / 4 [m( Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

B
V t u
t
m
Sin [m(u - 2t/3) ] = Sin [ mu - m.2t/3]
= Sin [ mu -(1+6k).2t/3]
= Sin [mu - 2t/3 - 2.k.2t ]
= Sin (mu - 2t/3)
= Same as V
Y
Hence, all the components of 1st sub series of
Y-phase will have phase of -2t/3
Similar analysis will give: Sin [m(u - 4t/3) ] = Sin [mu - 4t/3 ]
Hence, all the components of 1st sub series of B-phase will have phase of -4t/3
7
Hence, the 1
st
sub-series represents the positive sequence system voltage
and can be represented by following phasor diagram:
V
Y
(m)

V
R
(m)

V
B
(m)
2nd Sub-series : m = 3,,6 ( Or m = 3+6k; Where k = 0,1 , 2 , 3 and so on)
=
= ,6 3, m
) (m Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

R
V u
t
m
=
= ,6 3, m
)] 3 / 2 [m( Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

Y
V t u
t
m
=
= ,6 3, m
)] 3 / 4 [m( Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

B
V t u
t
m
Sin [m(u - 2t/3) ]
= Sin [ mu - m.2t/3]
= Sin [ mu -(3+6k).2t/3]
= Sin [mu - 2t - 2.k.2t ]
= Sin (mu ) for all values of k = same as V
R
Similar analysis will give: Sin [m(u - 4t/3) ] = Sin (mu)
Hence, all the components of 2nd sub series of B-phase will have no phase diff
with each other.
8
Hence, the 1
st
sub-series represents the zero sequence system voltage and can be
represented by following phasor diagram:
V
R
(m)
V
Y
(m)
V
B
(m)
3rd Sub-series : m = 5,,6 ( Or m = 5+6k; Where k = 0,1 , 2 , 3 and so on)
=
= ,6 5, m
) (m Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

R
V u
t
m
=
= ,6 5, m
)] 3 / 2 [m( Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

Y
V t u
t
m
=
= ,6 5, m
)] 3 / 4 [m( Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

B
V t u
t
m
Sin [m(u - 2t/3) ]
= Sin [ mu - m.2t/3]
= Sin [ mu -(5+6k).2t/3]
= Sin [mu - 10t/3 - 2.k.2t ]
= Sin (mu -4t/3 ) for all value of k
= Same as V
B
Similar analysis will give: Sin [m(u - 4t/3) ] = Sin [mu - 2t/3 ]
Hence, all the components of 3rd sub series of B-phase will have phase of -2t/3
9
Hence, the 1st sub-series represents the negative sequence system voltage and
can be represented by following phasor diagram:
V
Y
(m)

V
R
(m)

V
B
(m)
The above results can be summarized as:
=
= ,6 1, m
) (m Sin
1
[
2 .
.Vs 4

R
V u
t m
+
= ,6 3, m
) (m Sin
1
u
m
+
= ,6 5, m
) (m Sin
1
u
m
=
= ,6 1, m
)] 3 / 2 [m( Sin
1
[
2 .
.Vs 4

Y
V t u
t
m
+
= ,6 3, m
) (m Sin
1
u
m
+
= ,6 5, m
)] 3 / 4 [m( Sin
1
t u
m
+
= ,6 3, m
) (m Sin
1
u
m
=
= ,6 1, m
)] 3 / 4 [m( Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

B
V t u
t m
+
= ,6 5, m
)] 3 / 2 [m( Sin
1
t u
m
Positive Sequence Zero Sequence Negative Sequence
10
Line to Line voltage:
Fourier components of line to line voltage can be calculated as follow:
V
RY
= V
R
- V
Y
The zero sequence system cancels, therefore triplines are absent in line to line voltage.
+ +
=
= = ,6 5, m ,6 1, m
)] 3 / 2 ( ) (m [Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4
)] 3 / 2 ( ) (m [Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

RY
V t u u
t
t u u
t
m Sin
m
m Sin
m

=
+ + =
= ,6 1, m

,6 5, m
] ) 6 / (m Sin
1
) 6 / (m Sin
1
[
2 .
.Vs 4
3 t u t u
t
m m
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence
3
Hence, the frequency spectrum of line to line voltage waveform is similar to that of V
R
,
but
I)There are no triplines
II)The amplitude of remaining components are times greater
III)The negative sequence components lags by t/3 w.r.t. positive sequence components
3
11
Load neutral voltage(VN) :
The potential of load neutral with respect to point O is a rectangular square
wave (similar to that of VR) having frequency 3 times that of VR and amplitude
1/3 that of VR. Hence, the fourier components of VN are given by:
=
= ,2 1, m
) (3n Sin
1
6 .
.Vs 4

N
V u
t
n
Putting 3n = m
=
= ,6 3, m
) (m Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

N
V u
t
m
This is identical to zero sequence series of V
R
Load pahse voltage :
The fourier components of load phase voltage can be calculates as follow:

V
RN
= V
R
V
N

=
= = ,6 3, m ,6 1, m
) (m Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4
- ) (m Sin
1
2 .
.Vs 4

RN
V Or u
t
u
t
m m
Hence, the frequency spectrum of load phase voltage is similar to that of
VR, but without triplines.
12
Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Inverters
In many industrial applications, it is often required to control the output
voltage and frequency of inverter
- to cope with variation of DC input voltage.
- for voltage regulation of inverter
- for constant volt/hertz control.

There are various methods to vary the inverter gain and frequency. Some of
them are:
i) Single pulse width modulation
ii) Multiple pulse width modulation
iii) Sinusoidal pulse width modulation
13
Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Inverters Contd . . .

The control strategy is:
If modulating sinal (Ar) > Carrier signal (Ac), then V
0
= + Vdc/2
If modulating sinal (Ar) < Carrier signal (Ac), then V
0
= - Vdc/2
i) Single Pulse Width Modulation:
14
(Ac) signal carrier of Value Peak
(Ar) signal modulating of Peak value
Index(MI) Modulation =
signal modulating of Frequency
signal carrier of Frequency
Ratio(FR) Frequency =
The frequency of inverter output voltage can be changed by varying the frequency of
modulating signal.
15
The RMS value of the inverter output voltage is given by:
1 2
Where ;
2
Vdc

2
1
4
2
Vdc 1
(rms)
0
V u u o
t
o
u
u
u
t
= =
}
= d
The fourier series of the output voltage is given by:
) ( ).
2
( Sin
1
2 .
.Vdc 4
(t)
0
V
,2 1, m

=
=
t n Sin
n
n
e
o
t
16
ii) Multiple Pulse Width Modulation:
The lower order harmonics can be reduced by using multiple pulse width modulation
method, which gives several pulses of output in each half cycle. The gate signals for
power switches are generated by comparing high
Modulating Signal(Ar)
Triangular Carrier Signal(Ac)
u
1
u
2
u
3
u
4
u
5
u
6
u
7
u
8
u
9
u
10
u
11
u
12
v
0
(t)
o
o
m

o
m
+ t
cycle half per pulses of Number
2
FR
p = =
Let o = width of each pulse
17
The RMS value of the inverter output voltage is given by:

2
Vdc

4
2
Vdc
(rms)
0
V
t
o
o
t
o
t
u
t
p
p
p
d
p
=
}
+
=
The general form of Fourier series of output voltage is given by:
) ( ). (
1
(t)
0
V Or
,2 1, m

=
=
t n Sin n B
n
e
The coefficients B(n) of a pair of positive and negative pulses is given by:
) (
2
.
1
) (
2
.
1
B(n) t n Sin
Vdc
t n Sin
Vdc
m
m
m
m
=
o o t
o t
t
=
o o
o
t
}
+ +
+
+
}
+
=
| | )) 2 / .( ( )) 2 / .( ( )
2
(
2
.
.
2
B(n) Or o o t o o
o
t
+ + + = m m n Sin n Sin
n
Sin
Vdc
n
Then for the whole cycle:
| |
=
+ + + =
p
1 m
)) 2 / .( ( )) 2 / .( ( )
2
(
2
.
.
2
B(n) o o t o o
o
t
m m n Sin n Sin
n
Sin
Vdc
n
18
The switching pattern follows the following logics:

If modulating signal > carrier signal, then V
RO
=

If modulating signal < carrier signal, then V
RO
=
2
dc
V
+
2
dc
V
III ) Sinusoidal PWM Inverter

19
The switching instants (u
0
u
1 . . .
u
12
) can be determined by solving the
equations of modulating sine wave and the triangular carrier waves. The
modulating sine wave and the triangular carrier wave can be represented
by the following equations:
y
1
(u) = MI V
cpk
Sinu (modulating sine-wave) .... (1)

y
2
(u) = k(n).u + C(n) (Triangular carrier wave ) ........ (2)

2
per
Vpk
1 n
(-1) ve carrier wa ar traiangul the of line
th
n the of slope K(n) Where,
+
= =
C(n) = intercept made by the n
th
carrier wave on y-axis = - (-1)
n+1
V
cpk
. k(n) u
st

2
per
- st and
2.FR
360
per = =
These equations can be solved with the help of a suitable computer program
using an iterative methods like Newton-Raphsion method. Then the Fourier
coefficients of V
R
can be then calculated as follows:

III ) Sinusoidal PWM Inverter Contd. . . .
20

2.FR
360
per =
2
per
- st =
do 50 i = 0, 12
2
per
Vpk
1 n
(-1) K(i)
+
=
C(i) = - (-1)
n+1
V
cpk
. K(i) u
40 f
1
= MI Vcpk Sin u(i) K(i) . u
st
C(i)
f
2
= MI Vcpk Cos u(i) K(i)
err = f
1
/f
2
If [abs(err) .le. 0.01 ] then

Write (* , * ) K(i), C(i), u(i)
Go to 100
Else
u(i) = u(i) err
Go to 40
100 ust = ust + uper
50 Continue
21
}
+ +
}
+
}
=
12
11
2
1
1
0
t d t n Cos
2
dc
V
........
t d t n Cos
2
dc
V

t d t n Cos
2
dc
V
[
1
A(n) e e e e e e
t
}
+ +
}
+
}
=
12
11
2
1
1
0
t d t n Sin
2
dc
V
........
t d t n Sin
2
dc
V

t d t n Sin
2
dc
V
[
1
B(n) e e e e e e
t
Then the Fourier coefficients of V
R0
in polar form can be then calculated as follows:

B(n)
A(n)
(n) and
2
) (
2
A(n) C(n) = + = n B
Once the Fourier coefficients of V
R
are calculated, then the Fourier coefficients of
V
N
and V
RN
also can be calculated as follow:

V
N
= (V
R
+V
Y
+V
B
) and V
RN
= V
R0
- V
N

3
1
22
Table 1 Fisrt 14 fourier components of V
RN
for FR=6, Mi = 0.6 and Vs /2 = 300 V

23
Table 2 Fisrt 14 fourier components of V
RN
for FR= 12, Mi = 0.6 and Vs /2 = 300 V

From the above results it clear
that the harmonics multiples of 3
(triplines) are all zero. It is also
clear that if we increase the
frequency ratio (FR), the
magnitude of lower order
harmonics will decrease.

24
The waveform of V
RN
is found to be as shown in Fig. below for a typical values of
Vs/2 = 300 volts, Mi = 0.6 and FR = 6.

Fig. Waveform of V
RN
400V

200V

0

-200V

-400V
25
Current Source Inverter (CSI)
In voltage source inverter, the load voltage is independent of types of load,
but load current wave form depends upon the type of load. In CSI, a
constant current is injected into the load from the source. Hence, the load
current wave form is independent of type of load, but the load voltage
waveform depends upon the type of load. A current source can be
obtained from a voltage by connecting a high inductance as shown below:
26
Current Source Inverter (CSI) Cont
Fig. below shows the circuit diagram of single phase current source inverter
i) For 0 to t period , T1 and T2 are turned ON
and load current for this period will be +I
S
.

ii) For t to 2t period, T3 and T4 are turned ON
and load current for this period will be -I
S
.
Let v
0
= Voltage across the load
i
0
= Current through the load
R
0
= Load resistance
L
0
= Load inductance
e
0
= Voltage internal emf of the load
= E
0
Sin (et +c
0
)
27
Current Source Inverter (CSI) Cont
0 L i R e
0 0 0 0 0
= + + =
dt
o
di
v
= = = high Very 0, t At
dt
o
di
e
= = = high Very aain , At
dt
o
di
t t e
For 0 to t
= + + = L i R e
0 0 0 0 0
dt
o
di
v
Hence, Input voltage (v
S
) = Output voltage (v
0
) =
0 , to 0 from Then =
dt
o
di
t
v
0
= E
0
Sin (et +c
0
) + R
0
.I
S
and v
S
= v
0
v
0
= - , and v
S
= -v
0
= +
Then from t to 2t,
0 , 2 to from Then =
dt
o
di
t t
v
0
= E
0
Sin (et +c
0
) - R
0
.I
S
and v
S
= -v
0

Three Phase Inverter

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Three Phase Inverter

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1

Fig.1 Three phase PWM bridge inverter

III ) Sinusoidal PWM Inverter

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