DIGESTION

The five stages of the digestive system are: Ingestion - process food is placed into the alimentary canal. Digested - the breakdown of complex food into their simple soluble absorbable subunits. Absorption - absorbed into the bloodstream and then taken to the body cells. Assimilation the conversion of the absorbed nutrients into complex molecules for growth, repair and defence.

Egestion - the waste products which remain behind must be excluded from the body

Oral cavity When the food first enters the mouth

Digestive enzymes Amylase- Digests starch (saliva) Protease- Digests protein Lipase- Digests lipids or fats

The chewing and swallowing is voluntary control which is controlled by the brain. Bolus is chewed ready to swallow food.

The stomach
- a muscular sac that stores and digests food

- sphincter muscle at the end of the oesophagus that opens and closes to allow food into the stomach and to stop food from going back up into the oesophagus.

HCL + pepsin = Chyme

#1 is the oesophagus, #2 is the stomach, #4 is the pyloric sphincter, #3 is the duodenum

Duodenum- The main function of the duodenum is to finish the digestive process. products from the pancreas and the liver enter the duodenum to do their work.
Intestinal glands are located between the villi. These glands produce numerous enzymes, which are collectively called intestinal juices.

Villi- lining of the small intestine consists of many folds

The Pancreas
salt sodium hydrogen carbonate which neutralises chyme in the stomach.

Amylase which changes starch to maltose Lipase which changes lipids to fatty acids and glycerol.
These enzymes enter the and do their digestive work at the duodenum. They enter the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.

The Liver
The production of bile - Detoxifying the body Converting glucose to glycogen for storage

Producing heat for the blood and body

Storing vitamins

BILE + Gail bladder -yellow-green liquid that is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder Bile enters the duodenum through the bile duct

It breaks down large fat and oil molecules into tiny droplets. In this way, the surface area of the lipids is increased and enzyme action is more efficient. neutralize chyme in the stomach with its sodium hydrogen carbonate.

jejunum and ileum

-the job of the jejunum and ileum is to absorb the food. The lining of these sections of the small intestine contain many villi.

capillaries of each villus absorb nutrients from the food

Fats (fatty acids and glycerols) are absorbed into the villis lacteals.

The Large Intestine

-diameter of about 6 cm. As compared to the small intestines diameter of about 3 cm. -Food stays in the large intestine for varying lengths of time from 10 hours to as long as a few days.

The colon absorbs water from the remaining food that has past through the alimentary canal. The waste then becomes a semi-solid called faeces. Faeces are stored in the rectum and then egested through the anus.

Ingredients 1 cup butter, softened 1 cup white sugar 1 cup packed brown sugar 2 eggs 2 teaspoons vanilla extract 3 cups all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon baking soda 2 teaspoons hot water 1/2 teaspoon salt 2 cups semisweet chocolate chips 1 cup chopped walnuts Directions Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Cream together the butter, white sugar, and brown sugar until smooth. Beat in the eggs one at a time, then stir in the vanilla. Dissolve baking soda in hot water. Add to batter along with salt. Stir in flour, chocolate chips, and nuts. Drop by large spoonfuls onto ungreased pans. Bake for about 10 minutes in the preheated oven, or until edges are nicely browned.