PILE FOUNDATION

Brief Outline
DEFINITION OF PILE
CLASSIFICATION OF PILE
PILE CAPACITY
SETTLEMENT OF PILES AND PILE GROUP
LATERAL LOADED PILES (Seismic
Consideration)
SUMMARY

Piles What?
Piles are columnar elements in a
foundation which have the function of
transferring load from the superstructure
through weak compressible strata or
through water, onto stiffer or more compact
and less compressible soils or onto rock.
Piles When?
When the strata at or just below the ground surface is highly
compressible and very weak to support the load transmitted
by the structure.
When the plan of the structure is irregular relative to its
outline and load distribution.
for the transmission of structural loads through deep water to
a firm stratum.
to resist horizontal forces in addition to support the vertical
loads.
when the soil conditions are such that a wash out, erosion or
scour of soil may occur from underneath a shallow
foundation.
To resist uplift forces - transmission towers, off-shore
platforms
expansive soils - swell or shrink as the water content
changes.
Collapsible soils
Some Examples
Multistoried Building Resting on Piles
Some Examples
Piles Used to Resist Uplift
Forces
Some Examples
Piles used to Resist lateral
Loads
Classification of Piles
Based on Material
Steel Piles, Concrete Piles, Timber Piles, Composite Piles.
Based on Load Transfer
End Bearing Piles, Friction Piles, Combined End bearing and Friction
Piles
Based on Method of Installation
Driven Piles, Driven Cast-in-situ Piles, Bored and Cast-in-situ Piles,
Screw Piles, Jacked Piles.
Based on Use
Load Bearing Piles, Compaction Piles, Sheet Piles, Fender Piles,
Anchor Piles.
Based on Displacement of Soil
Displacement Piles, Non-Displacement Piles.
Selection of Piles
Length of pile in relation to the load and type of
soil
Character of structure
Availability of materials
Type of loading
Factors causing deterioration
Ease of maintenance
Estimated costs of types of piles, taking into
account the initial cost, life expectancy and
Cost of maintenance
Availability of funds

Load Transfer Mechanism
Load Transfer Mechanism
Types of Failure of Piles
Buckling in very weak surrounding soil
Types of Failure of Piles
General Shear Failure in Strong Lower Soil
Types of Failure of Piles
Soil of Uniform Strength
Types of Failure of Piles
Low Strength Soil in Lower Layer, Skin Friction
Predominates
Types of Failure of Piles
Skin Friction in Tension
Carrying Capacity of Piles
Using Theory (c,)
Using SPT value
Using SCPT Value
Using Dynamic Formula
Pile Load Test

Static Formula
In-situ Penetration Tests
STATIC METHOD

DN qN cN q
A f A q Q
Q Q Q
q c p
s s p p u
f p u
2
1
+ + =
+ =
+ =
Q
u
= Ultimate failure load
Q
p
or Q
b
= Point (base or tip) resistance
Q
s
= Shaft resistance developed by friction (or adhesion)
between the soil and the pile shaft


STATIC METHOD FOR DRIVEN
PILES IN SAND
End Bearing Capacity


Frictional Resistance

Ultimate Load
( ) ( )

=
+ =
+ =
= =
=
+ =
n
i
i
s
i
v b q u
s v b q u
v h s
q p
q p
A K A qN Q
A K A qN Q
K f
qN q
DN qN q
1
tan
tan
tan tan
2
1
o o
o o
o o o o

STATIC METHOD FOR DRIVEN
PILES IN CLAY
End Bearing Capacity


Frictional Resistance

Net Ultimate Load
s s b c u
s s s
c p
c p
A f A cN Q
A f Q
cN q
q cN q
+ =
=
=
+ =
Net Bearing Capacity
Problem 1
A concrete pile of 45 cm diameter
was driven into sand of loose to
medium density to a depth of 15m.
The following properties are
known:
(a) Average unit weight of soil along
the length of the pile, y = 17.5
kN/m3 , average = 30,
(b) average Ks = 1.0 and = 0.750.
Calculate (a) the ultimate bearing
capacity of the pile, and (b) the
allowable load with Fs = 2.5.
Assume the water table is at great
depth.
Solution
Qu = 1841 kN
Qa = 736 kN
Problem 2
Assume in Ex. 1 that the water table is at the
ground surface and
sat
= 18.5 kN/m3. All the
other data remain the same. Calculate Qu and
Qa.
Solution
Qu = 914 kN
Qa = 366 kN

Calculation of Q
b
and Q
f
Vesic
Tomlinson
Berezantsev
Meyerhof
Janbu
Coyle and Castello

STATIC METHOD FOR BORED
PILES IN SAND

Driven Piles - Advantages
Piles of any size, length and shape can be made in
advance and used at the site. rapid progress of work
Driven into granular soil - compacts the adjacent soil
mass - increase in bearing capacity
The work is neat and clean
Supervision of work at the site can be reduced to a
minimum.
Storage space required is very much less.
In places where it is advisable not to drill holes for fear
of meeting ground water under pressure.
For works over water such as piles in wharf structures
or jetties.
Driven Piles - Disadvantages
Must be properly reinforced to withstand handling
stresses during transportation and driving.
Advance planning is required for handling and driving.
Requires heavy equipment for handling and driving.
Since the exact length required at the site cannot be
determined in advance, the method involves cutting
off extra lengths or adding more lengths - increased
cost of project
Driven piles are not suitable in soils of poor drainage
qualities Soil heaving or lifting
Where the foundations of adjacent structures are
likely to be affected due to the vibrations generated by
the driving of piles, driven piles should not be used.
Bored Piles - Advantages
Piles of any size and length may be
constructed at the site.
Damage due to driving and handling that is
common in precast piles is eliminated in this
case.
Ideally suited in places where vibrations of any
type are required to be avoided to preserve the
safety of the adjoining structure.
suitable in soils of poor drainage qualities
Bored Piles - Disadvantages
Requires careful supervision and quality
control of all the materials used in the
construction.
It needs sufficient storage space for all the
materials used in the construction.
The advantage of increased bearing capacity
due to compaction in granular soil that could
be obtained by a driven pile is not produced by
a cast-in-situ pile.
where there is heavy current of ground water
flow or artesian pressure - very difficult to
construct
Based on SPT Values
Displacement piles



For H- piles


Bored Piles



Where
Q
u
ultimate total load in kN
N
cor
average corrected SPT
value
below pile tip
corrected average SPT
value
along the pile shaft
A
b
base area of pile in m
2

(for H-piles including the soil
between the flanges)
A
s
shaft surface area in m
2


( )
( )
( )
s
cor
b cor u
cor cor b
s
cor
b cor u
s
cor
b cor u
f b u
A N A N Q
N
d
L
N q where
A N A
d
L
N Q
A N A
d
L
N Q
Q Q Q
67 . 0 133
400 40 ,
40
2 40
+ =
s =
+ =
+ =
+ =
cor
N
Bearing Capacity based on
SCPT
Vander Veen's method
Schmertmann's method
Vander Veens Method
Ultimate load capacity of pile

Pile base resistance,

Ultimate skin friction
Schmertmann's method
Pile base resistance




Ultimate Skin Load - Cohesionless
Soil

Ultimate Skin Load - Cohesionless
Soil