Placing Concrete

Placing and Finishing Concrete
Basic Requirements for Placing Concrete (1)
Preserve concrete quality

Water-cement ratio Slump Air-content Homogeneity
Avoid separation of aggregate and mortar
Basic Requirements for Placing Concrete (2)
Avoid excessive horizontal movement Consolidate adequately Maintain sufficient placement capacity Choose the right equipment for the concrete
Preparation Before Placing Includes:
Trimming the subgrade
Moistening the subgrade
Compacting the subgrade
Depositing Concrete
DO NOT (a) disturb saturated subgrades so bearing capacity is maintained (b) deposit on frozen subgrade
Deposit continuously and as near as possible to its final position
Rate of placement should be such that previously placed concrete has not set when the next layer is placed upon it
Depositing Concrete
Slab Construction
Start placing along perimeter at one end with each batch discharged against previously placed concrete Do not (a) dump in separate piles & then level and work together (b) deposit in large piles & then move horizontally into position
These practices result in segregation

Placing and Finishing Concrete (mortar flows ahead of coarser material)
Depositing Concrete
Effective use of wheelbarrows
Discharging into previously placed concrete
Incorrect Placement with Conveyor Belt

Baffle
Mortar
Rock
Mortar
Shallow hopper Rock
Mortar
Placement with Conveyor Belt
Provide at least 0.6 m (24 in.) headroom for downpipe, elephant trunk or equivalent
Belt Scraper
No Separation
Depositing Concrete
Pavement Slab
Concrete deposited in front of slip form paver by dump trucks Concrete spread evenly across the subgrade by the paver before consolidation and finishing
Depositing Concrete
Curb/Curb and Gutter
Concrete deposited into hopper of slip form curb and gutter machine which then extrudes the concrete into the desired shape
Depositing Concrete
Walls
Deposit in horizontal layers of uniform thickness
Reinforced 150 mm to 500 mm Mass 375 mm to 500 mm
Consolidate each layer before next is placed Timely placement & consolidation prevents flow lines and cold joints
Horizontal Construction Joint
Horizontal Construction Joints
Underwater Placement Methods
Tremie Pump Bottom dump buckets Grouted preplaced aggregate (specialized) Toggle bags Bagwork Diving bell
Placing Concrete Under Water

Basic Recommendations
Water velocity 3 m (10 ft) / min. Water temperature 5C (if below test for strength gain) w/c 0.45 Cementing materials content 390 kg/m3 (600 lb/yd3) Slump range 150 to 225 mm (6 to 10 in.)
Placing Concrete Underwater
Used: Tremie Advantages: Can be used to funnel concrete down through the water into the structure. Watch for: Discharge end always has to be buried in fresh concrete to ensure seal between water and concrete mass.
Consolidating Concrete
Internal Vibration External Vibration
Internal Vibration
Vibrator
d
1 R
Radius of Action
Internal Vibrators
Recommended Approximate Rate of Diameter frequency, radius of placement, of head, vibrations per action, mm m3/h mm (in.) minute (in.) (yd3/h) 20-40 (3/4-1) 9000-15,000 80-150 (3-6) 0.8-4 (1-5) Application Plastic and flowing concrete in thin members. Also used for lab test specimens. Plastic concrete in thin walls, columns, beams, precast piles, thin slabs, and along construction joints. Stiff plastic concrete (less than 80-mm [3in.] slump) in general construction .
30-60 (1-2)
8500-12,500
130-250 (5-10)
2.3-8 (3-10)
50-90 (2-3)
8000-12,000
180-360 (7-14)
4.6-15 (6-20)
Adapted from ACI 309
Systematic Vibration of Each New Lift

CORRECT
Vertical penetration a few inches into previous lift (which should not yet be rigid) of systematic regular intervals will give adequate consolidation
INCORRECT
Haphazard random penetration of the vibrator at all angles and spacings without sufficient depth will not assure intimate combination of the two layers
Placing Concrete in a Sloping Lift

CORRECT
Start placing at bottom of slope so that compaction is increased by weight of newly added concrete. Vibration consolidates the concrete.
INCORRECT
When placing is begun at top of slope the upper concrete tends to pull apart especially when vibrated below as this starts flow and removes from concrete above.
External Vibration

Form vibrators Vibrating tables Surface vibrators

Vibratory screeds Plate vibrators Vibratory roller screeds Vibratory hand floats or trowels
Consolidating Concrete
Inadequate consolidation can result in:
Honeycomb Excessive amount of entrapped air voids (bugholes) Sand streaks Cold joints Placement lines Subsidence cracking
Nuclear Gauges to Determine Subbase Compaction
Screeding (Strikeoff)
The process of cutting off excess concrete to bring the top surface of a slab to proper grade
Vibratory Screeds
Bullfloating
Darbying
Edging
Edging densifies and compacts concrete next to forms where floating is less effective
Required along all edge forms, isolation and construction joints in floors and exterior slabs Cut concrete away from forms to a depth of 25 mm with a pointed mason or margin trowel Edging may be required after each subsequent finishing operation for interior slabs
Highway Straightedges
Floating (Power or Hand)
To embed aggregate particles just beneath the surface To remove slight imperfections, humps, and voids To compact the mortar at the surface in preparation for additional finishing operations.
Troweling
Creates smooth, hard,dense surface Exterior concrete should not be troweled because:
it can lead to a loss of entrained air caused by overworking the surface troweled surfaces can be slippery when wet.
Brooming
Tining
Curing and Protection
Cure for 7 days
Placing on Hardened Concrete

Preparing Hardened Concrete
Bonding New to Previously Hardened Concrete

Cement-sand grout Latex Epoxy
Isolation Joints
Contraction Joints
Spacing of Contraction Joints in Meters

Slab thickness, mm 100 Maximum-size aggregate less than 19 mm 2.4 Maximum-size aggregate 19 mm and larger 3.0
125 150 175 200 225 250

3.0 3.75 4.25 5.0 5.5 6.0
3.75 4.5 5.25 6.0 6.75 7.5 Metric
Spacing of Contraction Joints in Feet

Slab thickness, in. 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Maximum-size aggregate less than in. 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Maximum-size aggregate in. and larger 10 13 15 18 20 23 25 Inch-Pound
Making Contraction Joints

Grooving tool on bull-float
Dry-cut sawing concrete
Construction Joints
Joint Layout for Slabs

Basic Factors to Remember
Panels created by contraction joints should be approximately square Panel aspect ratio max. 1 to 1 Contraction (control) joints should only terminate at a free edge or at an isolation joint When joint spacing exceeds 4.5 m (15 ft), load transfer by aggregate interlock decreases significantly
Typical Joint Layout
Finishing Operations
Single Course Floors

Consolidation Strike-off Edging Darbying or Bull Floating

Lapse of Time
Edging Grooving (if desired) Floating (power or hand) Troweling (power or hand)
Lapse of Time
Second Troweling (power or hand) Final Troweling (hand) Curing
Finishing Operations - Exterior Slabs

Sidewalks, Driveways etc.

Consolidation Strike-off Depress aggregate with metal/wood strip at joint location if hand tooled Darbying or Bull floating
Lapse of time
Edging Jointing (optional if hand tooled) Floating

Lapse of time
Texturing (brooming/swirl float finish) Curing
Patching
Curing Patches
Cleaning Concrete Surfaces
Cleaning methods:

Water Chemical
Mechanical
Finishing Formed Surfaces

Rough-form finishes
Smooth off-the-form finish Smooth, rubbed finish Sand-floated finish Grout cleandown (sack-rubbed finish)
Special Surface Finishes

Pattern and Textures Exposed Aggregate Concrete Colored Finishes Stains, Paints and Clear Coatings
Working Safely with Concrete

Protect:
Your Eyes Your Back
Your Skin
Precautions
WARNING: Contact with wet (unhardened) concrete, mortar, cement, or cement mixtures can cause SKIN IRRITATION, SEVERE CHEMICAL BURNS (THIRD-DEGREE), or SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE. Frequent exposure may be associated with irritant and/or allergic contact dermatitis. Wear water-proof gloves, a long-sleeved shirt, full-length trousers, and proper eye protection when working with these materials. If you have to stand in wet concrete, use waterproof boots that are high enough to keep concrete from flowing into them. Wash wet concrete, mortar, cement, or cement mixtures from your skin immediately. Flush eyes with clean water immediately after contact. In-direct contact through clothing can be as serious as direct contact, so promptly rinse out wet concrete, mortar, cement, or cement mixtures from clothing. Seek immediate medical attention if you have persistent or severe discomfort.
http://www.cement.org/pdf_files/ms271.pdf
Videos 1/4
Placing and Consolidating Placing and Finishing Concrete
Vibration
Videos 2/4
Finishing I Placing and Finishing Concrete
Finishing II
Videos 3/4
Contraction Joints Placing and Finishing Concrete
Jointing
Videos 4/4
Improper Finishing Placing and Finishing Concrete

Placing Concrete

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Placing Concrete

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Placing and Finishing Concrete

Basic Requirements for Placing Concrete (1)

Preserve concrete quality

Avoid separation of aggregate and mortar

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Basic Requirements for Placing Concrete (2)

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Preparation Before Placing Includes:

Trimming the subgrade

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Preparation Before Placing Includes:

Moistening the subgrade

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Preparation Before Placing Includes:

Compacting the subgrade

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Placing and Finishing Concrete

These practices result in segregation

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Discharging into previously placed concrete

Incorrect Placement with Conveyor Belt

Shallow hopper Rock

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Placement with Conveyor Belt

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Deposit in horizontal layers of uniform thickness

Reinforced 150 mm to 500 mm Mass 375 mm to 500 mm

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Horizontal Construction Joint

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Horizontal Construction Joints

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Underwater Placement Methods

Placing and Finishing Concrete