DISTRIBUSI KECEPATAN DAN METALISITAS BINTANG, FORMASI GALAKSI DAN GALACTICARCHAEOLOGY

Fisika Galaksi

The Galaxy
stellar halo

thick disk

bulge

thin disk

How did the Galaxy come to be like this ?

What is the origin/formation epoch/mechanism and relation between the various components?

Chemodynamics of the Galaxy: Ingredients

Photometry

scale lengths, scale heights, number densities etc

Astrometry

Distances, proper motions, radial velocities

kinematic motions, orbital parameters (U, V, W) , (Rm, e, |Z|)

Chemical tagging

High resolution spectra of samples of stars

Derivation of abundances of elements of different nucleosynthesis history

Komponen kecepatan bintang relatif terhadap Matahari :

= cos cos + , cos sin + , sin

= sin cos + , sin sin + , cos = sin + , cos

Dalam bentuk perkalian matriks

The Milky Way components: kinematic definitions

Comp. f

Vlag u v
(km /sec)

Thin 93% -12 Thick 7% -51

Halo 0.6% -220

39 20 20 63 39 39
131 106 85

(Based on Hipparcos: Dehnen, Binney, 1998, Soubiran et al. 2000, Robin et al. 2003)

The Milky Way: Kinematic Samples

Thin Disk Thick Disk

Samples grouped into the thin disk, the thick disk and the halo based on kinematic definitions.

No metallicity or age criteria employed

Reddy et al. 2003,2006; Bensby+; Fuhrman+

KINEMATICS
Bensby et al. (2007)

Thick disk Thin disk

Thick disk stars have (in general) hotter kinematics than thin disk stars

U
Pasadena, July 2007

THE STELLAR SAMPLE

WHAT ARE THE THICK DISKS?

Detected as exponential excess of flux at a few thin disc scale-heights above the mid-plane. Made of older and metalpoorer stars than the thin disk. They are ubiquitous. Scale-length similar to that in thin disks.
Burstein 1979

HOW DO THEY FORM?

Possibility 1: Dynamical heating of a cold disk by disk overdensities like giant molecular clouds or spiral arms.

HOW DO THEY FORM?

Possibility 2: Dynamical heating of the thin disk due to satellites crossing it.

Thickening + flare!

HOW DO THEY FORM?

Possibility 3: in situ formation. Disks form originally thick.

Cold gas flow

Cold gas flow

Disk forms thick and thin disk forms from gas accreted through cold flows or which has not been spent in the first star formation burst.

HOW DO THEY FORM?

Possibility 4: Accretion of a thick disk by the thin disk.

Kinematical signatures!

WHAT IS THIS LETTER ABOUT?

Possibility 1: Dynamical heating of a cold disk by disk overdensities like giant molecular clouds or spiral arms.

Possibility 2: Dynamical heating of the thin disk due to satellites crossing it.

SIMULATION PROPERTIES FOR POSSIBILITY 1

Simulations designed for creating plausible z = 2 progenitors of Milky Way-like spirals. N-body simulation with sticky-particle algorithm for representing cold gas. Initial disk with a constant disk and gas density truncated at R = 6 kpc and with scale-height hz = 500 pc. Code run in isolation for 1 Gyr and then, for 6 Gyr, includes cold disk flows which increase galaxy mass.

SIMULATION PROPERTIES FOR POSSIBILITY 2

Initially contains a fully-formed spiral galaxy. The galaxy suffers one or a few minor mergers with varying orbital parameters.

POSSIBILITY 1: RESULTS

Cold gas flow hz = 1.5 2 kpc kpc 500 pc

The Cold Gravitational stellar flows increase scattering instabilities the caused thin appear disk by the mass soon, clumps and scatter reduce increase stars the and even thick form more disk Clumps merge and form a bulge.8 clumps with masses up to a few 10 M. the scale-height. disk thickening.

POSSIBILITY 1: RESULTS

POSSIBILITY 1: RESULTS

POSSIBILITY 1: RESULTS

POSSIBILITY 2: RESULTS

POSSIBILITY 2: RESULTS

POINTS IN FAVOUR OF POSSIBILITY 1

Observed thick disks do not flare substantially (in general). Although minor mergers occur, they are far more frequent at high redshift, where a large disk gas fraction prevents the thin disk to be thickened by this mechanism (Moster et al. 2010). Kinematical studies suggest that thick disks have formed in one single event and not due to a succession of mergers (Moni Bidin 2009). Thick disk formation scale-time in Possibility 1 (around 1 Gyr) is compatible with thick disk high /Fe abundances. Observations of very clumpy edge-on galaxies in the HUDF.

AND THE WINNER IS...

Possibility 1: Dynamical heating of a cold disk by disk overdensities like giant molecular clouds or spiral arms.

BUT...
Thick disks created in this Letter are not as massive as what recent analysis suggest the thick disks are (Comern et al. 2011, sent to ApJ). Elemgreen & Elmegreen (2006) found clumpy edge-on disks in the HST Ultra-Deep Field, but those clumps are as large as the thick disk scale-heights, so thick disks could be (partly) created thick and not be the result of a heated thin disk. At least a part of the material in thick disks comes from the accretion from external material as a significant fraction of counterrotating stars has been found in one thick disk (Yoachim & Dalcanton 2008).