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Anopheles

Aedes

Mosquitoes of Medical Importance in Sri Lanka


Rumala Morel Dept. of Parasitology Peradeniya

Culex

Y2S2

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Study of insects and other arthropods of medical importance

Insects: Mosquitoes, Flies, Midges, Lice, Bugs, Fleas Other arthropods: Ticks and Mites

Objectives: List the major mosquito borne diseases that occur globally List the mosquitoes of medical importance in Sri Lanka indicating the diseases they transmit Outline the life cycle of a mosquito Describe the breeding & biting habits of the medically important mosquitoes in Sri Lanka Outline the strategies used for control of these mosquito species in Sri Lanka

Mosquitos found globally in all climates >3000 spp. only few of medical importance

Anophelines-Anopheles

Culicines

- Culex

- Aedes - Mansonia - Armigeres

Role of mosquitoes in disease transmission 2500 yrs ago Susruta suggested transmission of malaria by mosquitoes but no definite proof until end of 19th C

1859- James Emerson Tennent in Ceylon: An account of the island .retiring punctually at sunset and sleeping under mosquito curtain is a valuable prophylactic against fevers

Medical importance of Mosquitoes biting nuisance- pests/allergy vectors of disease


transmit disease causing organisms

Mosquitoes as biological vectors


Essential part of the life cycle takes place in the vector- multiplication or development or both
Specific time period necessary before vector can infect another host

Mosquitoes as vectors of disease: some important discoveries

1878 Patrick Manson- filarial parasites


1897 Ronald Ross- malaria

1900 Reed & team- yellow fever


1902 Graham- dengue

Mosquito borne diseases in Sri Lanka


MOSQUITO Anopheles culicifacies Culex quinquefasciatus C. gelidus C. Tritaeniorynchus C.pseudovishnui Aedes aegypti A.albopictus DISEASE Malaria INFECTIVE ORGANISM Plasmodium spp.

Bancroftian Wucheraria bancrofti filariasis Japanese Jap Encephalitis virus encephalitis Dengue Chikungunya Dirofilariasis Dengue viruses Chikungunya virus Dirofilaria repens

Yellow fever globally impt. mosq.borne disease


Not found in SL

Biological characteristics influencing disease transmission

only females suck blood (blood required for breeding habits: preferred water type
egg maturation)

host preference

anthropophilic - zoophilic blood sucking behavior- daytime/night indoor/outdoor survival- 3-4 weeks (to allow development of

flight range- 0.5 - 1.5 km

pathogen)

Morphology of adult mosquito

Classification of mosquitoes -1. SEX


SEX DETERMINATION - Antenna

"pilose" (not very hairy) female

"plumose" (hairy) - male

Classification of mosquitoes 2. GENERA


Palps (sensory organs just lateral to the proboscis)
A female with short palps = Culicine

A female mosquito with long palps = Anopheles

Anopheles mosquitoes rest and bite with their bottoms up @ 45 degree angle to the skin

Mosquito Life Cycle

Life span 1 month

150-300 laid every 48-72 h 2-3 days

Water is essential for breeding


2-3 days

4 stages 1-3 weeks

Eggs: laid singly with floats Larvae: parallel to surface no siphon tube

Eggs: in clusters

Larvae: siphon tube +

Adult: rests @ 45 angle to surface

Adult: rests parallel to surface

Aedes rests parallel to surface

Anopheles culicfacies also rests parallel to surface like culex

Anopheles species of importance in Sri Lanka

An. culicifacies- major vector of malaria


vectors of minor importance An. subpictus An. annularis An. vagus An. tesselatus Major vectors in other countries An. gambiae- vector of human malaria and Bancroftian filariasis in Africa

Characteristics of importance for a malarial vector

density longevity biting habits- anthropophilic (man biting)


- outdoor/indoor night biting mosquitoes
Rests on walls Indoor Residual Spraying Effective control method

Keys/charts used for species identification

Anopheles culicifacies
Distribution: Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar Pakistan, Middle East, Nepal, Thailand

Adult: small- medium wings & female palps - banding resting position culicine-like
Breeding: shallow, sunlit, clear fresh water Eg. Edges of slow flowing streams/rivers; rain water collections in ground pools and pits

Anopheles culicifacies Distribution in Sri Lanka Dry zone: endemic species


present throughout year but high densities with rains (NE monsoon Oct-Jan) Intermediate zone: seasonal breeding Wet zone: not normally found but breeding occur with failure of monsoons due to pooling in river beds Found up to 900 m height

Rain water collections in pits, construction sites, hoof prints in dry zone

Stream/river bed pools; seepage pools at margins of lakes, reservoirs; open irrigation canal margins

Malaria vector breeding in quarry pits Kurunegala (NWP) and Anuradhapura (NCP)

Malaria vector breeding in Agro wells Matale, Anuradhapura district

Wet zone-

rock/sand river bed pools during droughts

pooling below dams/barrages

Kotmal oya- below dam

malaria vector breeding downstream of dams -An. culicifacies

Below dam at Nilambe oya Ilagolla- malaria outbreak due to mosquito vector breeding in rock pools

Culicines- 20 genera In Sri Lanka > 115 species

Culex

Aedes Mansonia Armigeres

Culex quinquefasciatus
Very common urban domestic mosquito throughout South/SE Asia- vector of bancroftian filariasis

Small, brown, absence of markings


Breeding: eggs in rafts (75-100 eggs) highly polluted (organic matter) stagnant water eg. blocked drains, cess pits, waste water pits

Habits: night biter, outdoor/indoor bites man, cats/dogs Rests in shade eg. indoors in dark corners clothes, under furniture etc.

Culex quinquefasciatus Biological vector Lymphatic filariasis:


Microfilaria ingested with the blood meal develop into Infective larvae L3 in 10-12 days and emerge from proboscis during the bite

ONLY development NO multiplication

Breeding sites of Culex quinquefasciatus


Stagnant, polluted water (sewage)

Culex quinquefasciatus breeding sites


Dirty water in blocked drains, cess pits etc.

Vectors of Japanese encephalitis Culex tritaeniorhynchus Cx. gelidus Cx. pseudovishnui Breeding: paddy fields, marshes, husk-soakage pits Habits: night, outdoor/indoor bites animals; pigs/cattle (zoophilic)

Japanese encephalitis: Epidemiological cycle

Pigs important amplifier hosts Mosquito vectors: Cx. tritaeniorhyncus; Cx.pseudovishnui- paddy field breeders Cx. gelidus- muddy pools husk pits

Japanese Encephalitis

Culex gelidus

Vectors of Japanese encephalitis breed in paddy field

Aedes spp.
Ae. aegypti

Ae. albopictus

Small, delicate, black & white banding on legs. wings clear


Vectors ofDengue fever, Chikungunya, Dirofilaria repens Yellow fever (not in Sri Lanka)

Breeding: eggs laid singly (no floats) damp surfaces that get submerged rain water collections in containers

Vectors of Dengue & Chickungunya Aedes aegypti Ae albopictus Container breeders, clean water artificial- tyres, tin cans, plastic waste Indoors- flower vases etc. Natural- cut bamboo stumps, leaf axils

Aedes breeding sites

SL: dengue endemic since 1989


Transovarian transmission of arboviruses

Aedes breeding in households


indoors

outdoors

Aedes Breeding outdoors

Mansonia spp. Brown, speckled wings (light/dark scales) M uniformis Breeding: aquatic plants M annulifera eggs laid in clusters on undersurface
leaves of water plants Larvae/pupae attached to plant roots

Vector of Brugian filariasis


& Dirorfilariasis

Water plants: Pistia Eichornia Salvinia

Dirofilariasis Dirofilaria repens: common parasite of dogs transmitted by Aedes, Armigeres, Mansonia

Causes subcutaneous nodules in humans

Armigeres subalbatus
Very common dusk/night biter Pest & vector of Dirofilaria repens Breeding: polluted water

Control of mosquito borne diseases

Pathogen control in humans Prevent man-mosquito contact

Reduce mosquito density

Reduce vector density 1


Adult control Malaria control (1) Insecticide impregnated bed nets treat every 6/12 (2) Indoor Residual Spraying

Reduce vector density 2


Eliminate breeding sites Destroy larvae Aedes spp.

Properly dispose of old tires, cans, bottles, water-collecting rubbish, and other unused/unwanted containers. Eliminate breeding in standing pools of water Eg. air conditioners, refrigerators add surface oil layer Clean birdbaths, vases, plant pots, rain barrels, kiddie pools etc. ONCE A WEEK

Anopheles culicfacies

Aedes

Summary Mosquitoes of Medical Importance

Culex

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