MATERIALS SCIENCE
WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ? Right materials to right application
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
CREAMICS
ALUMINA SILICA SILICON CARBIDE BORAN CEMENTS
COMPOSITES
POLYWOOD CONCREATR CLASS REINFORCE PLASTIC CORBON FIBER
FERROUS
IRON STEEL CASTIRON
NON FERROUS
COPPER ALUMINIUM LEAD ZINC COBALT TIN
Crystal physics
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
INTRODUCTION The term crystal is a solid whose constituent atoms or molecules are arranged in a systematic geometric pattern. The term structure means the arrangement of a materials atoms; the structure at a microscopic scale is known as microstructure.
CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS The materials in which the atoms are arranged in some regular repetition pattern
Single crystal - Monocrystal More than one crystal Polycrystalline Examples
steel Gold Silver Copper
NON CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS In this type of materials, the atoms are arranged in the irregular fashion.
Examples
Glass Rubber
polymers
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Three-dimensional arrangements of atoms in
a crystal is called crystallography
LATTICE
LATTICE : A lattice is a arrangement of atoms A lattice may be one-,two-, or three-dimensional. LATTICE POINTS: Its denote the position of atoms or molecules in the crystals. SPACE LATTICE : Space lattice is a three-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal. Space lattice is also known as crystal lattice. BASIS: With a group of atoms attached to each lattice point called basis
UNIT CELL
The smallest part of a crystal is called as unit cell. It is formed by combination of atoms and molecules. The whole crystal structure can be formed by the
2D 3D
S
S S
S
S S
S S
S S S S
LATTICE GEOMETRY
To define the geometry of the unit cell in 3 dimensions we
LATTICE PARAMETERS
The length of the unit cell along the x, y, and z direction are
defined as a, b, and c. Alternatively, we can think of the sides of the unit cell in terms of vectors a, b, and c. The angles between the crystallographic axes are defined by:
= the angle between b and c = the angle between a and c = the angle between a and b
NON-PRIMITIVE CELL
CRYARAL TYPES
S.NO CRYSTAL SYSTEM NUMBER OF POSSIBLE TYPES
1 2 3 4
3 (Simple, Body- centered, Face- centered) 2(Simple, Body- centered,) 1(Simple) 4(Simple, Body- centered, Face- centered, base- centered ) 2(Simple, Body-centered) 1(Simple)
5
6 7
RHOMBOHEDRAL 1(Simple)
MONOCLINIC TRICLINIC
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
SIMPLE CUBIC STRUCTURE (SC)
8- Corner atoms
vanadium (V),
Molybdenum (Mo), -iron, - iron
8-Corner atoms and one atoms at the face Examples: Copper (Cu), Gold (Au), Nickel (Ni), Platinum (Pt), Lead (Pb), Silver (Ag)
IN CRYSTAL
Good understanding of crystal
1D (Line defects)
Dislocation
Edge dislocation Screw dislocation
2D (Surface / Interface)
Surface
Interphase boundary Grain boundary
3D (Volume defects/
bulk
Twins Precipitate Faulted region Voids / Cracks Thermal vibration
Disclination Dispiration
Twin boundary
Stacking faults
POINT DEFECT
Point defects are where an atom is missing or is in an irregular place in the lattice structure (OR)
Vacancy
Interstitial
WHAT IS VACANCY ?
Vacancies are empty spaces where an atom should be, but is missing. (OR) Point defect means missing of the atoms in the crystal, from the lattice site.
TYPES a) Single vacancy b) Di-vacancy
Tensile Stress Fields ?
SCHOTTKY DEFECT
INTERSTITIAL DEFECT
Frenkel defect A Frenkel defect is a vacancy-interstitial pair formed when an ion jumps from a normal lattice point to an inter Frenkel defect can occur in metals and covalently bonded materials stitial site,
Types:
1. Substitutional impurity 2. Interstitial impurity Substitutional impurity Foreign atom replaced a parent atom in the lattice.
SUMMARY
LINE DEFECT
Dislocation
I. Edge dislocation II. Screw dislocation
Disclination
Dispiration
WHAT IS DISLOCATION ? Dislocations are line imperfections in an otherwise perfect crystal. (OR)
The defect, which take place due to dislocation or distortion of atoms along a line TYPES: 1. Edge dislocation
2. Screw dislocation
EDGE DISLOCATION
This is plastic movement of atoms, which starts within the crystal and their effect s can be seen on the edge of the crystal
(OR)
An edge dislocation can be illustrated by slicing partway through a perfect crystal, spreading the crystal apart, and partly filling the
EDGE DISLOCATION
EDGE DISLOCATION
SCREW DISLOCATION
The screw dislocation can be illustrated by cutting partway through a perfect crystal and then skewing the crystal by one atom spacing.
SCREW DISLOCATION
SCREW DISLOCATION
Twin boundary
Stacking faults
GRAIN BOUNDARY
The microstructure of many engineered ceramic and metallic materials consists of many grains. A grain is a portion of the
TWIN BOUNDARIES
A twin boundary is a plane across which there is a special mirror image misorientation of the crystal structure
TWIN BOUNDARIES