RIBOSOME AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

By : Delfi Zurita NIM : RSA1C411009

A.Definition Ribosome
Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from all amino acids. Ribosomes also referred to as molecular machines inside cells that make proteins from amino acids in a process called translation, the ribosome "translates" the genetic information from RNA to protein. It binds messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and read the information contain in the mRNA nucleotide sequence. The ribosome construct proteins from the genetic instructions held within messenger RNA. Suspended free ribosomes in the cytosol (the semi-fluid cytoplasm), and the other attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, thus giving the appearance of roughness, the other steps in the synthesis of proteins (such as translocation) is caused by changes in protein conformation.

B. Structure of Ribosome
Ribosomes consist of ribonucleic acid (RNA abbreviated) and protein, in nearly equal numbers. Ribonucleic acid derived from the nucleolus, where ribosomes are synthesized in the cell. A simple prokaryotic cell (ex, bacteria) consisting of several thousands of ribosomes, while very advanced eukaryotic cells (ex, human cells) have several millions of ribosomes. Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller in size compared to eukaryotic. Beside, Ribosomes also consists of two parts, called subunits. Ribosomes size stated on the basis of deposition rate during centrifugation as a unit called the Svedberg unit (S). In most prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes size, where as in eukaryotes usually about 80S.Setiap subunit consists of both protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) components

Of the structure of the ribosome have the following properties: 1. The shape is universal, the elliptical longitudinal section. 2. On the negative staining technique, it appears that there is a transverse groove, perpendicular to the axis, is divided into two sub-units that have different dimensions. 3. Each sub-unit is characterized by a sedimentation coefficient expressed in Svedberg units (S). So that the sedimentation coefficient of 70S for prokaryotes is a whole ribosome (50S sub-unit for large and for small 30S). For eukaryotic ribosome is 80S for the whole (60S to 40S subunits to large and small). 4. The dimensions of the ribosome and the form of a variable. In prokaryotes, the ribosome is 29 nm in length with a large 21 nm. And eukaryotes, a large size of 32 nm with 22 nm.

5. In prokaryotes sub-units are small, elongated, curved shape with 2 limbs, features 3 digitized, like a chair. In eukaryotes, the subunits form resemble the ribosomes of E. coli On the surface of ribosomes, granular nucleoprotein has two distribution layout. Nucleoprotein granules scattered freely in the cytoplasm called a ribosome-free. Meanwhile, the nucleoprotein granules attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum called the ribosome bound. Free ribosomes play a role in the synthesis of the enzyme. Enzymes are produced serve as a catalyst in the liquid cytosol. Ribosomes certainly be useful in the synthesis of proteins.

C. The Function of Ribosome

The function of the ribosome, they play assembling amino acids to form specific proteins, which in turn is essential to carry out the cell. As we all have a fair idea about the production of proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first produced RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) by DNA transcription process, after which the genetic message from the mRNA is translated into proteins during translation of DNA.

D. The Composition Chemishtry of Ribosome

The composition of the ribosome is: 1. Ribosomal Nucleic Acid a) large subunits composed of protein and RNA in the quantity of a balanced, containing two types of rRNA, namely: -The 28S rRNA - The SS rRNA b) small subunit-containing RNA 18s . It known that, in the absence of RNA 185, the sub-unit can not associate small subunit. While the 28s RNA allows the association. SS RNA attached to the nucleic acid sequences are tRNA. When reading the tRNA attached to the sites that are part of the RNA 285. Displacement of the tRNA molecule attached to the mRNA causing translational motion of the corresponding mRNA.

2. Ribosomal Protein a. Small subunit (30S prokaryotic): 21 proteins are described respectively by the letter S and a number between 1 and 21 (S1, S2, S21). Weight moleku130.000 40,000 Dalton. Located on the surface of the ribosome, rRNA surrounds. Proteins act as receptors for transducti elongation factor while the other controls. b. Major subunit: 33 proteins known as Li to L33. Involved in Translocation by the presence of GTP (ribosam attached) which provides energy to move the release of tRNA and acetyl inRNA.

E. The Process Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is the process of the formation of proteins in the cell, which is inseparable from the role and workings of DNA that make up RNA through RNA transcription process it will control the synthesis of proteins in the cell cytoplasm. Than Protein is a macromolecule composed by various amino acids, and enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions in cell metabolism. Enzymes characters (protein) as a control and the farmers mortal determined by the number and type of amino acid sequence of the translated genes for protein synthesis.

The components of protein synthesis Components that play a role in protein synthesis is the cell nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, and RNA polymerase a. The cell nucleus Genetic cell nucleus resource location, namely DNA. So, the information is translated as the synthesis of protein from the cell nucleus b. RE rude and Ribosome (rRNA) RE rough is the site where ribosomes attached. In addition, rRNA or site RNAmerupakan Ribosomal protein synthesis c. tRNA (transfer RNA) tRNA is one type of RNA that serves to bind the amino acids from amino acids sitoplasmadan combine with another at the stage of protein synthesis d. RNA polymerase RNA polymerase is an enzyme that plays a role in coupling DNA molecules and RNA molecules

Protein synthesis can be divided into two main phases, namely the process of making mRNA molecules in the cell nucleus (transcription) and mRNA translation process by coupling rRNA and amino acids (translation) ribosome 1. Transcription Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus. In this phase, RNA polymerase chain adhere to open-chain DNA. One of the DNA to be translated (DNA template / rantaisense) obtained initiate partner base, so as to create the chain of complement. Complementary chain then go into mRNA (messenger RNA). 2. Translation Translation stage is the stage in which the mature mRNA from the nucleus of cells that had been transferred to the cytoplasm, particularly in the ribosome, immediately translated.Translation itself consists of three stages, is initiation, elongation and termination

a. Initiation At the mRNA reaches the ribosome, the first time that happened was initiation. Namely the introduction of codons (3 couples code:. Ex UAA, AUG), which is a synthesis from beginner codon (start codon), which is an amino acid Methionine, code-codon read After August, the first amino acid of ribosomes would be combined with an acid amino next. Free amino acids in the cytoplasm and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA or tRNA. b. Elongation Elongation is a continuation of the process of initiation. At this stage, the codons will keep reading and tRNA will continue to bring amino acids to the ribosome as it is the extension to mRNA.Pada codon, the ribosome will usually be in the position of aggregates or bundles. Two ribosomal mRNA or more be attached to chain together so it looks like to assemble. This phenomenon is called ribosomes that group polisom and its function is to accelerate the process of protein synthesis.

c. Termination Termination is the last of the translational process. This process begins when the codons are read codons coding for termination of protein synthesis. Codon called a stop codon, which consists of three codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA. When someone reads a codon, will dismiss the process of releasing factor amino. Process acid synthesis termination chain ends with the formation of chains of amino acids that are very long, or more commonly called a polypeptide chain. The name is based on the bond between one amino acid with another amino acid called peptide bonds. Polypeptide chain is what we call a protein, instead of the primary. Protein or polypeptide chains of protein synthesis is the primary protein chain. Protein has been modified for use in the body. The process modifications will be made in the body after the transfer of Golgi reticulum endoplasm

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