\ .
\ .
where is the average SNR per symbol.
0 av
E N
Proakis,
3rd Ed.
5-2-6
Finally, the bit error probability for M-ary QAM:
2
log
M
b M
P
P P k
M
= =
Probability of symbol error for -ary PAM:
M
(Gray mapping assumed)
Subcarrier signal in time domain
Time
Guard time for preventing
intersymbol interference
In the receiver, FFT is calculated
only over this time period
Symbol duration
Next symbol
T
G
IEEE 802.11a&g: T
G
= 0.8 s, T
FFT
= 3.2 s
IEEE 802.16a offers flexible bandwidth allocation (i.e. different
symbol lengths) and T
G
choice: T
G
/T
FFT
= 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32
T
FFT
Orthogonality between subcarriers (1)
Guard
time
Symbol part that is used for
FFT calculation at receiver
Subcarrier n
Subcarrier n+1
Previous
symbol
Next
symbol
Orthogonality over this interval
Orthogonality between subcarriers (2)
Guard
time
Symbol part that is used for
FFT calculation at receiver
Subcarrier n
Subcarrier n+1
Previous
symbol
Next
symbol
Orthogonality over this interval
Each subcarrier has an integer number of
cycles in the FFT calculation interval (in
our case 3 and 4 cycles).
If this condition is valid, the spectrum of a
subchannel contains spectral nulls at all
other subcarrier frequencies.
Orthogonality between subcarriers (2)
( ) ( )
0
2
cos 2 cos 2
0
FFT
T
FFT
FFT FFT
T m n
mt T nt T dt
m n
t t
=
=
=
}
Orthogonality over the FFT interval:
Phase shift in either subcarrier - orthogonality over the
FFT interval is still retained:
( ) ( )
0
cos 2 cos 2 0
FFT
T
FFT FFT
mt T nt T dt m n t | t + = =
}
Time vs. frequency domain
T
G
T
FFT
Square-windowed sinusoid in time domain
=>
"sinc" shaped subchannel spectrum in frequency domain
( ) ( ) ( )
sinc sin
FFT FFT FFT
fT fT fT t t = (
Subchannels in frequency domain
Single subchannel OFDM spectrum
Spectral nulls at
other subcarrier
frequencies
Subcarrier spacing
= 1/T
FFT
Presentation of OFDM signal
( )
2
,
2
0
exp 2
N
k n k
n N
FFT
n
n
g t a j t
T
t
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
1 k T t kT < <
( ) ( )
k
k
s t g t kT
=
=