CHAPTER 1 : TRANSPORT

(1.4)THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

18 january 2011 2:00 pm to 2:45 pm

Prepared by : Teacher Hidayah

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this class, you must be able to : 1. describe the formation of interstitial fluid and its composition 2. state the importance and the fate of interstitial fluid 3. describe the structure of interstitial fluid and how it complements the circulatory system 4. compare the content of blood, interstitial fluid and lymph. 5. predict what will happen if the interstitial fluid fails to return to circulatory system

Formation of Lymphatic System

Blood that enters the arterial end of capillaries is under high pressure. High forces of hydrostatic pressure forces some fluid out through the capillary walls into the intercellular forces between the spaces. This fluid called interstitial fluid or tissues fluid.
Composition of interstitial fluid : Consists of water, dissolved nutrients, hormones, waste products, gases and small protein from the blood and leucocytes It does not contain plasma proteins (albumin, globulin and fibrinogen) Erythrocytes and platelets because these are too large to pass through the capillary walls.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTXTDqvPnRk

Formation of Lymphatic System

Importance of the Interstitial Fluid

Bathes the cells and supplies them with their requirements Exchange of substances between the blood capillaries and the body cells; a. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood through the interstitial fluid and into the cells. b. Excretory product diffuse out from the cells into the interstitial fluid.

Fate of the Interstitial Fluid

Approximately 90% of the interstitial fluid flow back to venous end Interstitial fluid must be returned to the circulatory system to maintain the normal blood volume. Remaining 10% of the interstitial fluid still remains in the interstitial space is equivalent to about 4 litres of fluid lost from the blood capillaries each day. The fluid loss is returned to the blood through lymphatic system.

Oedema : excess interstitial fluid is unable to return to the blood circulatory. It causes tissue swelling

The lymphatic system receives the unabsorbed interstitial fluid from the spaces between the cells and returns it to the circulatory

Structure of the Lymphatic System

Lymphatic system is one way system consisting of a network of lymph capillaries larger lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. Lymph capillaries 1. blind capillaries. It closed at one end. 2. The interstitial fluid that failed to return to the blood stream enter the lymph capillaries. 3. Once inside the lymph capillaries, the fluid now is called lymph 4. The valves is present in this vessels to prevent the flow back. Lymph nodes : 1. can be found at intervals along the lymphatic vessels. 2. Role of Lymph nodes : i. Produce and store lymphocytes ii.Help to protect the body against the infections.

Lymphatic duct 1. Thoracic duct : receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck and chest, the left upper limb and the entire body below the ribs 2. Right lymphatic duct : receive lymph from the right arm, shoulder area, and the right side of the head and neck.

Structure of the Lymphatic System

Lymphatic system does not have pump To move the lymph through the lymphatic vessels. The lymph moves : a. one-way valve along the lymphatic vessels. b. Contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles. c. Intestinal movement d. the changes in the pressure that occur during inhalation and exhalation.

The Importance of Lymphatic System

Removal of excess interstitial fluid and dissolved substances that diffuse from the blood capillaries Transport of fats from the small intestine to the blood stream Defence of the body by exposing bacteria and viruses to white blood vessels. Lymphocytes in the lymphatic tissues produce antibodies which aid in the destruction of pathogens and the neutralisation of toxins

Comparison of the compositions of blood, interstitial fluid and lymph

Body Fluid Blood Interstitial Fluid Composition Plasma and cellular component Plasma without plasma proteins, erythrocytes and platelets

Lymph

Plasma without plasma proteins, erythrocytes and platelets More fatty acid substances Large number of lymphocytes

Exercise
1. 2.

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4.

Explain why interstitial fluid does not contain plasma protein State two functions of the lymphatic system Write a sequence of fluid from the blood capillaries until this fluid is returned to the circulatory system State the components of lymphatic system

Homework
Diagram shows a part of the circulatory system and the lymphatic system in the human body

a.
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c.

d.

Name fluid X and Y ____________________________________________________________________ (i) describe how fluid Y is formed __________________________________________________________________ (ii) State one difference between fluids X and Y __________________________________________________________________ (iii) Name one substance found in liquid X and Y __________________________________________________________________ Explain the effect of blocked vessel Z if the vessel is located in the leg _____________________________________________________________________ Describe the defence mechanisms of the components of fluid X and the components of fluid Y _____________________________________________________________________