A PRESENTATION ON

MIGRATION OF INDIAN LABOUR

PRESENTED BY: DAARINI.S

SYNOPSIS
An Introduction to the Topic Types of Migration Causes of Migration Nature of Migration Role of Government The Number Game(statistics) Pros & Cons of Migration The Future.

What is Migration:
Migration in context with labour refers to the character of people to shift from one place to another for better jobs/living conditions,etc..

types of migration:
Seasonal Human Migration Urbanization Sub-Urbanization International Migration

Causes of migration

Causes of migration

Push factors

Pull factors

1.Not Enough Jobs 2.Few Opportunities 3.Primitive conditions 4.Desertification/Famine 5.Slavery/Forced Labour 6.Poor medical facilites 7.Natural disaster/War 8.Discrimination 9.Poor Housing 10.Poor chances of marrying

1.Job Opportunities 2. Better Living Conditions 3.Enjoyment & Education 4.Better medical care 5.Security 6.Family Links 7. Better chances of marrying

Nature of Migration
As far as India is concerned ,labourers migrating from rural to urban areas visit their villages for attending the harvest season, for taking rest and recuperating themselves.. But off late the people who migrate have started showing more commitment and liking to urban life. However the fact remains that most Indian workers are Villagers At Heart

Role of government: There is an increase in the number of people who migrate even to foreign countries. Scrupulous agents started deceiving people with false promises, fake passports ,high service charges,etc. To protect people from such exploitation the Indian Government has passed the Emigration Act,1983 and appointed a Protector-General of Emigration to protect the interest of people migrating.

THEORIES OF MIGRATION:
Neo Classical Economic Theory Dual Labour Market Theory The New Economics Of Labour Migration Relative Deprivation Theory

World Systems Theory

The number game

(statistical data)

Percentage of employment oriented migrants by streams of migration

T

Total
Rural to rural Rural to urban Urban to rural Urban to urban

Male 25.3 25.9 55.2 38.8

Female 1.3 2.8 4.1 3.6

4.9 10.9 28.3 19.5

Table:2

Inter-state migration
Total Male 51.3 41.4 Female 4.1 4.3

Rural to rural Rural to urban

17.4 20.1

Urban to rural
Urban to urban

40.8
27.1

66.6
51.8

5
4.4

Source : Census 2001

Migration rate of Indians:

Pros of migration:
The shortage of supply of labour at certain places can be solved Villages act as a shelter at times of strikes, workers illness,unemployment,old age,etc Helps agriculture too by reducing pressure of population on land

The workers bring to villages wider knowledge and new ideas of freedom and independence Helps in reducing inequalities in the society

Disadvantages of migration :

There is high possibility that these ignorant people get exploited. It affects the psychology and efficiency of the worker. Health problems arise due to difference of climate, difference in diet, congestion ,etc At times they fall prey to drugs,gambling,prostitution,etc. Training given by employer goes waste as many go back to villages.

 These migrant workers do not join trade unions. The employers stating this nature of short tenure of employees does not provide welfare facilities. .

the future. . .
Places with more than 1,00,000 indians

Asia Myanmar Malaysia Sri Lanka Nepal Singapore 2,902,000 1,665,000 855,025 583,599 307,000 1,000,000 715,756 220,055

Africa
South Africa Mauritius Reunion

Kenya
Oceania Fiji

102,500
336,829

Caribbean Trinidad & Tobago Guyana 500,600 395,350

Suriname
Northern Amercia USA

150,456
1,678,765

Canada
Europe UK

851,000
1,200,000

Netherlands
Gulf Saudia Arabia

217,000
1,500,000

UAE
Oman Kuwait

950,000
312,000 295,000

At present ,the workers are in a transitional stage of losing the support of villages and have not been able to have a strong footing in industrial areas. Over the last few years ,transport and joint family has helped workers migrate in search of work with higher wages.

The link with villages is a distinct asset and should not be undermined ,but encouraged. It has been noted that a large number of workers are getting accustomed to urban conditions. Further more the employers have begun offering incentives for regularity and productivity,thus reducing the frequency and duration of hometown visits.

The rural-urban migration has received attention recently, with emphasis being made on Urban-Pull factors. In fact to protect the interests of the migrants (incase of inter-state) the Government has also passed the Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act,1979 and a few more acts too.

It may be concluded that in order to have permanent industrial population, as in the West, efforts must be continued to provide healthy living and better employment conditions to workers in industrial towns and strict measures to check unscrupulous people from exploiting innocent workers when they migrate to urban areas

References:
Bell, Martin. 2003. Comparing Internal Migration between Countries: Measures, Data Sources and Results. Paper Presented in Population Association of America 2003, Minneapolis, May 1-3. Census of India 2001. Soft copy, India D-series, Migration Tables. Registrar General

and

Census commissioner, India. Lusome, R., Bhagat, R.B. 2006. Trends and Patterns of Internal Migration in India, 1971-2001. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of Indian Association for

the Study of Population (IASP), Thiruvananthapuram 7-9 June, 2006. Singh, D.P., 1986. Internal Migration in India: 1961-1991 Demography India 27(1):
245-261. Premi, M. K., 1990. India. In Charles B. Nam, William J. Serow, and David F. Sly (eds.), International Handbook on Internal Migration. New York: Greenwood Press. U.N. 1993. Readings in Population Research and Methodology, The United Nations Population Fund, New York.