Anda di halaman 1dari 32

Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 21

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Radioactivity
_________________unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously emit particles, electromagnetic radiation (EMR), or both
________________________results from bombarding nuclei with neutrons, protons, or other nuclei

______________ (Z) = number of protons in nucleus


______________ (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Mass Number Atomic Number

A ZX electron 0b 0e or -1 -1

Element Symbol

proton 1p 1H or 1 1

neutron 1n 0

positron 0b 0e or +1 +1

a particle 4He 4a or 2 2

A Z

21.1

What is the difference between

0 +1e

and

0b +1

0e +1
0b +1

represents an electron in or from an atomic orbital represents an electron that is physically identical to an electron in or from an atomic orbital, but this electron comes from the decay of a neutron to a proton and an electronit is also called a beta particle or ray

p.673

21.1

Comparison of Chemical Reactions and Nuclear Reactions

21.1

Balancing Nuclear Equations


1. Conserve mass number (A).
The sum of protons plus neutrons in the products must equal the sum of protons plus neutrons in the reactants.
235 92 U

+1 0n

138 55 Cs

96 37 Rb

+ 21 0n

235 + 1 = 138 + 96 + 2x1

2. Conserve atomic number (Z) or nuclear charge.


The sum of nuclear charges in the products must equal the sum of nuclear charges in the reactants.
235 92 U

+1 0n

138 55 Cs

96 37 Rb

+ 21 0n
21.1

92 + 0 = 55 + 37 + 2x0

212Po

decays by alpha emission. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the decay of 212Po.
4a He or alpha particle - 4 2 2 212Po 84 4He 2

+A ZX

212 = 4 + A 84 = 2 + Z
212Po 84 4He 2

A = 208 Z = 82 + 208 82Pb

Ex 21.1, p.673

21.1

Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay


Beta decay
14C 6 40K 19 14N 7 0b + n +-1 0b + n + -1 1n 0 1p 1

________ # of ________ by 1 ________ # of ________ by 1


0b + n + -1

40Ca 20

Positron decay
11C 6 38 19K 11B 5 0b + n ++1 0b + n ++1 1p 1 1n 0

________ # of ________ by 1 ________ # of ________ by 1


0b + n ++1

38Ar 18

n and n have A = 0 and Z = 0

21.2

Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay


Electron capture decay
37Ar 18 55Fe 26 0e + -1 0e + -1 37Cl 17

+n +n
0e + -1

________ # of ________ by 1 ________ # of ________ by 1


1n 0

55Mn 25 1p 1

+n

Alpha decay
212Po 84 4He 2

+ 208 82Pb

________ # of ________ by 2 ________ # of ________ by 2

Spontaneous fission
252Cf 98 1n 2125 In + 2 49 0

21.2

Nuclear Stability
Certain numbers of neutrons and protons are extra stable n or p = 2, 8, 20, 50, 82 and 126 Like extra stable numbers of electrons in noble gases (e = 2, 10, 18, 36, 54 and 86)

Nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons are more stable than those with odd numbers of neutron and protons

All isotopes of the elements with atomic numbers higher than 83 are radioactive
All isotopes of Tc and Pm are radioactive
Number of Stable Isotopes with Even and Odd Numbers of Protons and Neutrons

21.2

n/p too large beta decay X

n/p too small positron decay or electron capture p.675


21.2

______________________ is the energy required to break up a nucleus into its component protons and neutrons. BE is an indication of the stability of a nucleus. In order to compare nuclei of two different isotopes/elements, we must take into account the fact that they have different numbers of _________. For this reason, nuclear binding energy per nucleon is more useful.

p.676

21.2

Mass Defect
The difference between the ________________ of an atom and the ________________ of the masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons
What does the mass defect tell us? How much mass was changed to energy in the formation of the atom.

p.676

The Law of Charges tells us?


So how can all those positively charged protons be crammed into the tiny space of the nucleus?

We call it the strong nuclear force or just the strong force.


Some of the mass of the nucleons is converted to energy and lost. This is the general idea behind fusion: Build new, larger nuclei and release great amounts of energy!

Nuclear binding energy per nucleon vs Mass number

note

nuclear binding energy nucleon

nuclear stability
21.2

p.678

Which element has the greatest net attractive forces among its nucleons? (graph) Radioactivity: unstable nuclei spontaneously emit particles, electromagnetic radiation (EMR), or both Main types of radioactivity:
particles (He2+) particles (e-) rays (short-wavelength emr) positron emission electron capture

Often it involves a multi-step sequence, a series. and all obey first-order kinetics.

The Uranium Decay Series

Kinetics of Radioactive Decay

daughter rate = lN

DN rate = Dt

DN = lN Dt
N = N0exp(-lt) lnN = lnN0 - lt

N = the number of atoms at time t N0 = the number of atoms at time t = 0

l is the decay or rate constant

ln2 l = t
21.3

Kinetics of Radioactive Decay


[N] = [N]0exp(-lt) ln[N] = ln[N]0 - lt

l is the first order rate constant and N is the number of radioactive nuclei present at time t
p.679f

ln [N]

[N]

21.3

Radiometric Assumptions The method measures the parent/daughter ratio of the elements. 1. The system must initially contain none of ____________________________________.

2. The decay rate must _______________________.


3. The amounts of the parent element and the daughter products must be affected by ___________________________________.

Radiocarbon Dating
14N 7 14C 6 1n +0 14N 7 14C 6

p.681f +1 1H t = 5730 years

0b + n + -1

Uranium-238 Dating
238U 92 206Pb 82 0 +4 2a + 6-1 b

t = 4.51 x 109 years

Potassium-40 Dating
40 19K 0e +-1 40Ar 18

t = 1.2 x 109 years


21.3

Nuclear Transmutation

14N 7

4a +2

17O 8

+1 p 1
1n +0

27Al 13

4a +2

30P 15

14N 7

1p +1

11C 6

+4 a 2

Cyclotron Particle Accelerator

p.683

21.4

Nuclear Transmutation
The Transuranium Elements

21.4

Nuclear Fission

235U 92

1n +0

90Sr 38

1n + Energy + 143 Xe + 3 0 54

Energy = [mass 235U + mass n (mass 90Sr + mass 143Xe + 3 x mass n )] x c2

Energy = 3.3 x 10-11J per 235U = 2.0 x 1013 J per mole 235U Combustion of 1 ton of coal = 5 x 107 J

p.685f

21.5

Nuclear Fission
Representative fission reaction
235U 92 1n +0 90Sr 38 1n + Energy + 143 Xe + 3 0 54

p.686

21.5

Nuclear Fission
A ________________________ is a self-sustaining sequence of nuclear fission reactions.

The minimum mass of fissionable material required to generate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is the ________________________.

Non-critical

Critical
21.5

Nuclear Fission

Schematic diagram of a nuclear fission reactor

21.5

Nuclear Fission
35,000 tons SO2 4.5 x 106 tons CO2

Annual Waste Production

3.5 x 106 ft3 ash

70 ft3 vitrified waste

1,000 MW coal-fired power plant

1,000 MW nuclear power plant

21.5

Nuclear Fission

Hazards of the radioactivities in spent fuel compared to uranium ore

From Science, Society and Americas Nuclear Waste, DOE/RW-0361 TG

21.5

Nuclear Fusion
Fusion Reaction 2 2 3 1 1 H + 1H 1 H + 1H
2H 1 3H +1 4He 2

Energy Released

6.3 x 10-13 J
2.8 x 10-12 J 3.6 x 10-12 J

+1 0n

6Li 3

2H +1

4He 2

Tokamak magnetic plasma confinement

21.6

Radioisotopes in Medicine

1 out of every 3 hospital patients will undergo a nuclear medicine procedure


24Na, 131I, 123I, 18F,

t = 14.8 hr, b emitter, _______________________

t = 14.8 hr, b emitter, ________________________


t = 13.3 hr, g-ray emitter, _____________________ t = 1.8 hr, b+ emitter, ________________________

99mTc,

t = 6 hr, g-ray emitter, _____________________

Brain images with 123I-labeled compound


21.6

Biological Effects of Radiation


Radiation absorbed dose (rad)
1 rad = 1 x 10-5 J/g of material Roentgen equivalent for man (rem)

1 rem = 1 rad x Q
Average Yearly Radiation Doses for Americans

Quality Factor g-ray = 1 b=1 a = 20

21.6

Biological Effects of Radiation


Formation of _______________ and/or ________________ that attack membranes, enzymes, or DNA.

Damage can be ________________ or _______________.

p.695f

Anda mungkin juga menyukai