What is fluid?

fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases and Solid fluids can be characterized as one of the following: Newtonian fluids : where stress is directly proportional to rate of strain(ex.water) Non-Newtonian fluids : where stress is not proportional to rate of strain, its higher powers and derivatives.

Pure substance
Can resist an applied shear stress by deforming Deforms continuously under influenced of shear stress,no matter how small.

Classification of fluids
When two fluid layers move relative to each other, a friction force develops between them and the slower layer tries to slow down the faster layer. This internal resistance to flow is quantified by the fluid property viscosity, which is a measure of internal stickiness of the fluid. viscous deformation in fluid flow are directly proportional to shear stress and inversely proportional to dynamics viscosity.

 Ex: mercury is used in barometers because of high density and very low vapour pressure. Viscosity- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KU_skfdZVQ

Surface Tension
Surface tension results from an imbalance of molecular forces in a liquid. At the surface of the liquid, the liquid molecules are attracted to each other and exert a net force pulling themselves together. The surface tension with increase in temperature decrease.

This is phenomena due to: When those forces are between like molecules, they are referred to as cohesive forces. And when the attractive forces are between unlike molecules, they are said to be adhesive forces. http://www.youtube.com /watch?v=ErICGs2RCNw& feature=related

 The vapor pressure of a liquid varies with its temperature, as the following graph shows for water. The line on the graph shows the boiling temperature for water.

Vapor pressure

As the temperature of a liquid or solid increases its vapor pressure also increases. Conversely, vapor pressure decreases as the temperature decreases.

Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow

Incompressible Flow density of the fluid remains nearly constant throughout: - liquids, gases at low speeds
-density changes of gas flows are under 5%

Compressible Flow density changes of the fluid is significant:

-gases at high speeds - density changes of gas flows are above 5% Compressibility of liquid expressed by?answer..
higher is the bulk modulus , lower is compressibility

Laminar versus turbulent

In 1880s, Osborn Reynolds conducted an experiment to see flow patterns

reYnold number

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KKFtgx2a nY&feature=related Laminarhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtvVN2qt9 68&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGYCpAGgQQ&feature=related

Laminar and Turbulent Motion At low velocities, fluids flow in a streamlined pattern called laminar motion. At high velocities, fluids flow in a complex pattern called turbulent motion. For fluids flowing in pipes, the transition from laminar to turbulent motion depends on the diameter of the pipe and the velocity, density, and viscosity of the fluid.

The larger the diameter of the pipe, the higher the velocity and density of the fluid, and the lower its viscosity, the more likely the flow is to be turbulent.

When fluid is flowing past a solid boundary, e.g. the surface of an aerofoil or the wall of a pipe, fluid obviously does not flow into or out of the surface.
Because the fluid is moving in the same direction as the streamlines, fluid can not cross a streamline. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6yB90 vno1E&feature=related Normal acceleration in fluid flow simulation exist when streamlines are curved. pressure difference between inside and outside of droplet water is given by

4/d

Rotational and Irrotational Flow

Rotational flow is when the particles of fluids are all rotating about their own axis in addition to their other movement. Irrotational flow is when the individual particles are not rotating around their axis.The velocity is zero
Pressure intensity of liquid is same in all directions only when no relative motion between fluid layers