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BUMI DALAM TATASURYA

Matahari dan planet-planetnya Anatomi bumi Dinamika bumi

Orbital change

Axial tilt change

Wobble

Distributian of day and night; and climate along year

Energy budget

Heat Flow

40

60

85 120 mW m-2

180

240

350

The hottest and the coldest places

Winds circulation

Winds circulation

Siklon dan antisiklon rendahan dan tinggian

TINGGIAN

RENDAHAN (dekat permukaan)

Isobar dan arah angin

Pembentukan siklon dan antisiklon

Spiral awan

How does water move among reservoirs?

Ocean Currents
Redistribute heat across planet

Sirkulasi air di samudera

Weather and Climate


What is weather? What is climate? How do they differ? Weather is the short-term state of the atmosphere at a particular place at any given time Climate is a long-term composite of weather conditions at a particular place Short term versus long term---that is how they differ

Iklim dunia

5. Landforms and Surface Processes


H.C. Berann (1915-1999) Yosemite National Park, 1987

Glaciers Mass Wasting


Streams Shorelines Deserts Groundwater
http://www.berann.com

What drives plate motions


Forces that drive plate motion
Slab-pull Cold, dense slabs of subducted oceanic lithosphere pull the plate towards the subduction zone Ridge-push The higher elevation of spreading centers result in oceanic lithosphere wanting to move downhill, away from the ridge Far less important than slab-pull Mantle drag and plate resistance Can act to increase or decrease plate motion

Mantle convection provides the primary drive for plate tectonics

What drives plate motions


Models of plate-mantle convection Any model must be consistent with observed physical and chemical properties of the mantle Horizontal movement of plates causes mantle upwelling Models Layering at 660 km Explains why basalts erupted at mid-ocean ridges are different (more evolved, relatively shallow source) compared to those erupted at hot-spots (more primitive, deeper source). We know that subducting slabs descend beneath 660 km

What drives plate motions


Whole-mantle convection Would mix the entire mantle in the space of a few hundred million years, removing heterogeneities

What drives plate motions


Deep-layer model Lava lamp model Two layers swell and shrink in a complex fashion in response to heat from the Earths interior

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