Outline
Anatomy of the Immune system Organization of the bodys defenses Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Immune responses in Health and diseases
Outline
Anatomy of the Immune system Organization of the bodys defenses Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Immune responses in Health and diseases
Anatomy
Leukocytes - Phagocytes (phagocytosis): neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (skin) - Lymphocytes: Bs and Ts, natural killer cells - Mast cells Lymphoid tissues - primary lymphoid tissues (bone marrow and thymus) - secondary lymphoid tissues
Outline
Anatomy of the Immune system Organization of the bodys defenses Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Immune responses in Health and diseases
Non-specific defenses
Physical barriers - skin - mucus - stream of tears or urine - Inflammation
Chemical barriers
pH (stomach, vagina) enzymes (stomach, tears) Interferons Complement system
Inflammation
Symptoms of inflammation: - Redness - heat - Swelling -- pain
Interferon
Protein secreted by a cell currently infected by a virus
Animation: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/interferon2.gif
Complement system
About 30 blood proteins They become activated either by direct contact with a pathogen or by contact with a bound antibody. In an activated state, they form a complex which opens a hole in a pathogens cell membrane bacterial lysis
Specific immunity
Specificity: based on shape recognition of cell surface antigens Diversity: Any shape can be recognized by a B or Tlymphocytes and trigger an immune reaction Memory: once a pathogen has activated the immune system, memory cells remain and will protect against a secondary infection Self-tolerance: the immune system does not attack itself
Macrophages (antigen presenting cell = APC): phagocytize pathogens and present antigens to helper-T lymphocytes Helper-T lymphocytes: secrete lymphokines and activate B and killer T lymphocytes B-lymphocytes: multiply and specialize into plasma cells secrete antibodies Killer-T lymphocytes: kill (through lysis) infected or cancerous cells
Outline
Anatomy of the Immune system Organization of the bodys defenses Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Immune responses in Health and diseases
1- Macrophages phagocytize a pathogen and present an antigen to a matching helper-T cell 2- At the same time, some pathogens contact B-cells matching the pathogens antigens The helper-T cells multiply, secrete lymphokines which stimulate the B-cells to multiply and specialize into plasma cells The plasma cells secretes antibodies
Figure 23.7
Types of antibodies
IgA Found in tears, milk, blood, lymph IgM First antibody to be secreted. found in blood, lymph. unable to
cross placenta
Clonal selection
Once a T, B or killer lymphocytes have made contact with their specific antigen, they are triggered into action but they also divide and form a large amount of identical cells, called a clone.
Clonal deletion
How can the DNA in the nucleus codes for each type of antibody? Since over a millions of different types are needed, how can the DNA in the nucleus code for each of them? There is clearly not enough DNA to accomplish that.
During embryogenesis, several genes coding for the variable portion of the antibody (and each responsible for part of a shape) reshuffle so each combination of genes codes for a specific antibody (and shape). So a stem cell receives the capability to form one single type of antibody. Once formed, they circulate in the body. If they meet and bind to a shape (formed by a protein) present in the body, they are destroyed or deleted, so that only the stem cells responsible for antibodies aimed at foreign pathogens are left. A stem cell able to react with our own proteins and not deleted during fetal life might later trigger an autoimmune disease.
Outline
Anatomy of the Immune system Organization of the bodys defenses Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Immune responses in Health and diseases
Cell-mediated immunity
Similar reaction to AMI The pathogen triggering the reaction is a virus infected cell or a cancerous cell. Killer T lymphocytes are sensitized by contact and activated by lymphokines secreted by activated helper T lymphocytes
CMI
Figure 23.11 (1 of 2)
Why are we vaccinating against some disease but not other? Why not Ebola?
Clinical applications
Immediate allergic reaction: due to IgE