Control

function

wind speed, direction and the dynamics of how wind is converted into electricity.
Output

unpredictability

The dependable or available capacity of

wind farms has a broader probability

distribution than traditional types of power plants.

 VariabilityTime

varying wind speeds presents a challenge to planners and operators alike.

Voltage

control

Wind generation generally has limited

reactive power control, and marginal voltage ride-through.

Typical dynamic simulation modeling for wind turbine generators (WTG) include:
Generator

model - typically an induction

machine, asynchronous
Excitation

model - representing the method

for field control.

 pitch

control model - for newer WTGs, this

control provides for adjustment to high wind

speeds
wind

turbine model - to capture the

conversion of wind energy to electric energy

generator

protection - represents the relay

package for under/over frequency and under/over voltage protection, among others

 Low

Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability -

represents the added capability to ride

through low voltage conditions normally seen during fault conditions on the network
wind

gust model - representing response to

sudden changes in wind

 "Fixed-speed"

induction generator (FSIG) -

Simplest design. Noise level and blade

deflection can be significant in high wind. Mainly used for smaller turbines (< 3 MW).
Wound

rotor induction generator with

controlled rotor resistance or "variable" slip

systems;

 Doubly-fed

variable speed induction generator

(DFIG) - Voltage regulation similar to that of a

synchronous machine but with faster response. AC excitation for the generator is supplied through an ac-dc-ac converter. Converter synthesizes an internal voltage behind a transformer reactance.
Full

conversion variable speed induction

generator (VSIG); Low noise and reduced blade

deflection in high wind.

 Upwind

machines have the rotor facing the

wind.
The

basic advantage of upwind designs is

that one avoids the wind shade behind the

tower.
On

the other hand, there is also some wind

shade in front of the tower.

The

basic drawback of upwind designs is that

the rotor needs to be made rather inflexible,

and placed at some distance from the tower.

 In

addition an upwind machine needs a yaw

mechanism to keep the rotor facing the wind

 Downwind

machines have the rotor placed on

the lee side of the tower.

Built

without a yaw mechanism, if the rotor

and nacelle have a suitable design that makes the nacelle follow the wind passively.
A

more important advantage is that the rotor

may be made more flexible.

somewhat

lighter than an upwind machine.

 The

basic drawback is the fluctuation in the

wind power due to the rotor passing through the wind shade of the tower. This may give more fatigue loads on the turbine than with an upwind design

 Opppsite Wind

to fan

turns the blades, which spin a shaft,

which connects to generator and makes electricity.

Lift

type wind turbine

type wind turbine

Drag

Horizontal
Vertical

axis wind turbine

axis wind turbine

 This

different names is based on their

geometry and the way wind passes over the

blades.
Lift

type

High speed turbines rely on lift force to move the blades. Linear speed of blade is several times faster than the wind speed.

Torque is low

 Drag

type

Low speed devices are driven by the drag force acting on the rotor

Moves slower than the wind and their

motion reduces rather than enhancing power extraction. Torque at the rotor shaft is relatively high.

 Horizontal

axis wind turbine

Axis of rotation horizontal w.r.t the ground (rotating shaft is parallel to the ground and blades are perpendicular to the ground)

 Single

bladed bladed

Double Three Multi

bladed

bladed system system

Upwind

Downwind

 Vertical

axis wind turbines

Axis of rotation is vertical w.r.t ground. Operates independently in the wind direction.
Different

designs of VAWT

- cup anemometer
- musgrove rotor

- evans rotor

 Transmission

system which includes a gear

box, a breaking mechanism.

Rotor

which is the assembly of blades,

hub and shaft

Converts turning motion of wind turbines blades

into electricity

Inside this coils of wire is rotated in magnetic field to produce electricity.

Produce AC or DC

AC is equipped with current voltage of 120V or

240 V, constant freq is 60 cycles of electricity.

DC used in battery charging application, operating machineries. Also converts to AC with an inverter.

 Windmills

produce clean electricity.

However, the power provided generally does not come in steady flows, but in bursts and gusts.

This

means that wind systems must be

flexible using batteries or relying on backup

sources to supply consistent power to a

single dwelling or across a grid.

 Windmills

for making electricity were first

made in the early 1900s.

They

produced direct current electricity

(DC). Appliances were made specifically to run on DC.

Today

AC is used because it is safer than

DC and can be transported over long distances.

 There

are two ways to use wind turbine

generated power.
The first requires the generator be hooked to a series of batteries. In this configuration some kind of monitoring system is put in place to cut off power flow in

case the batteries become fully charged.

The power is then used by local appliances directly from the batteries in a closed system.

 The

alternative is to hook into the POWER

GRID.
Excess

production can usually be sold

directly to the power company .

This

involves some extra equipment.

 Stand-alone

systems (systems not connected

to the utility grid) require batteries to store excess power generated.

They

also need a charge controller to keep

the batteries from overcharging.

Deep-cycle

batteries can discharge and

recharge 80% of their capacity repeatedly.

 Automotive

batteries are shallow-cycle

batteries and should not be used in renewable energy systems because of their short life in deep-cycling operations.