Address Forms and Kinship Terms

Sociolinguistic

Group 11
Jeanny Novita Sidupa 1201305105

Desak Inten Dewi

Devi Pradnya Putri Annisa Dien Ilmi Swandinayanti Ratih Widyastuti Hanne Pratiwi Chandra

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Address Forms
Theory of address forms is concerned with kinship terms of address. Terms of address are important linguistic mechanisms by which a speaker's attitude toward, and interpretation of his or her relationship with, a speaker is reflected They serve as an indicator of the social relationship between a speaker and a listener in terms of status and social distance.

 Wardaugh stated that some languages actually employ what we regard as kinship terms for use as address terms. According to him, kinship system is a system of describing how people in various parts of the world refer to brother, sister, uncle and so on

The other theory of address forms deals with the theory concerning the factors that determine the choice of certain address forms

Kinds of Address Forms

1. Familiar second person singular pronouns

2. Formal second person singular pronouns

To be able to use these forms appropriately; there are two factors to be considered which are power factor and solidarity factor

Power Factor
1. Power : a vertical relationship between at least two persons, and it is non-reciprocal in the sense that both cannot have power in the same area of behavior. If a speaker breaks the norms of power, it means that the speaker regards his/her addressee as his/her superior, inferior, or equal, although by usual criteria and according to the speakers own customary usage

Solidarity Factor
2. Solidarity : The speaker and the addressees relationship are symmetrical or horizontal If a speaker breaks the norms of solidarity, it means that the speaker temporarily thinks of the other as an outsider or as an intimate, which also means that sympathy is extended or withdrawn.

Kinship
Kinship is the most universal and basic of all human relationships that refers to the various systems used in languages to refer to the persons to whom an individual is related through kinship There are two basic kinds of kinship ties: - Based on blood ties that trace descent - Based on marriage, adoption, or other connections

Kinship Terminology
Kinship can also refer to a perceived universal principle or category of humans, by which we or our societies organize individuals or groups of individuals into social group, roles, categories, and genealogy. Family relations can be represented concretely (mother, brother, grandfather) or abstractly after degrees of relationship Many codes of ethics consider the bond of kinship as creating obligations between the related persons stronger than those between strangers

 Different languages have different terms for relationships, and even distinguish different relationships Example : Swedish calls your mothers brother morbror and your fathers brother farbror, where Danish has onkel for both, and English has uncle. (In Latin they were avunculus and patruus.)

 On the other hand, English makes some distinctions that other languages do not. Your daughter in law and your stepdayghter are both your belle-fille in French. And according to the Encyclopdia Britannica, Polynesian languages use the same words for male and female cousins as for brothers and sisters.

Standard gender-neutral terms

- Sibling = brother or sister (Some dictionaries call two individuals siblings if they have one or both parents in common. This would include the relationships of half brother and half sister as well as full brother and sister. In this document, use the word sibling in its more restricted meaning: an individual who has the same two parents as you.) - Spouse = husband or wife - Child = son or daughter (even if an adult)

- Parent = mother or father

Thank You