Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular system
Main function is transportation Blood is transport vehicle or car Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, etc. Parts include: - blood - heart - blood vessels (veins , arteries, & capillaries)
2. myocardial infarction: heart attack or coronary 3. Ischemia: lack of adequate blood supply to the heart 4. Tachycardia: rapid heart rate 5. Bradycardia: substantially low heart rate 6. Fibrillation: rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart
SV
Stroke volume: volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle w/ each heartbeat
Heart Rate
HR is affected by 1) parasymp. & symp. NS which stimulate SA nodes 2) hormones- ie. Epinephrine 3) ion deficit i.e. lack of K 4) age, gender, exercise, body temp. -resting HR is fastest in resting fetus - HR is faster in females than in males - Heat increases HR by increasing metabolic rate of heart cells
Circulation & BP
Vital signs: indicate efficiency of ones circulatory system, includes 1. respiratory rate 2. body temp 3. arterial pulse 4. BP pulse: pressure wave created with expansion and recoil of an artery Pulse rate (pressure surges per minute)= heart rate
Blood pressure
BP: pressure blood exerts against inner walls of blood vessels &force that keeps blood circulating betwn heartbeats Systolic pressure: pressure in arteries @peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic pressure: pressure when ventricles are relaxing Systolic pressure written above diastolic, units mmHg using the ausculatory method (arm)
Factors Affecting BP
1. peripheral resistance: amt. of friction
encountered by the blood as it flows 2. age, weight, body position, emotional state 3. neural factors: autonomic NS- can cause vasocontriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
More BP factors
4. renal
factors- kidneys can retain water, which incr. blood volume or allow more water to leave, decr. blood volume 5. temperature- cold is a vasocontrictor & heat is a vasodilator 6. chemicals: histamine, alcohol, epinephrine, nicotine 7. diet: diets low in salt, fat & cholesterol helps prevent hypertension
Characteristics of Blood
Characteristics of Blood
Amount
4 6 liters 38 to 48% various cells 52 62% Plasma
Color pH Viscosity
Characteristics of Blood
Amount Color
Bright red is arterial O2 rich Dark red is venous O2 depleted
pH Viscosity
Characteristics of Blood
Amount Color pH
7.35 to 7.45 on pH scale alkaline Venous blood is slightly lower due to CO2
Viscosity
Characteristics of Blood
Amount Color pH Viscosity (thickness)
Blood is 3 to 5 times thicker than water Thickness contributes to Blood Pressure
Blood Make-up
Plasma
91.5% Water 7% Proteins fibrogen, globulins, albumins 1.5% Other nutrients, hormones, nitrogenous wastes, respiratory gases, electrolytes
Blood Cells
Blood Make-up
Plasma Blood Cells
Erythrocytes RBCs ~ 95% Thrombocytes Platelets ~ 4.8% Leukocytes WBCs ~ .2%
Blood Make-up
Plasma Blood Cells
Erythrocytes RBCs ~ 95%
Contain hemoglobin bonds with O2 Live about 120 days Produced in red bone marrow Stem cell-> Normoblasts-> Reticulocytes-> Erythocytes
Blood Make-up
Plasma Blood Cells
Erythrocytes RBCs ~ 95% Thrombocytes Platelets ~ 4.8%
Cell fragments Last 5 9 days Primarily responsible for clotting mechanisms (3 mechanisms)
Vascular spasm Platelet plugs Chemical clotting
Blood Make-up
Plasma Blood Cells
Erythrocytes RBCs ~ 95% Thrombocytes Platelets ~ 4.8% Leukocytes WBCs ~ .2%
5 types separated into two groups
Granular Leukocytes: neutrophils eosinophils basophils Agranular Leukocytes: lymphocytes - monocytes
Protect the body from Infectious disease Provide Immunity to certain diseases
Blood Types
ABO group 4 blood types
A - has A antigens on the cell membrane B - has B antigens on the cell membrane AB - has A & B antigens on the cell membrane O - has neither A nor B antigens on the cell membrane
Rh factor
Blood Types
Blood Clotting
3 types of Clotting
Vascular spasm Platelet plugs Chemical clotting
Blood Clotting
Vascular spasm
When a large artery or vein is severed, smooth muscle in its wall contracts. Platelets release serotonin which brings about vasoconstriction, creating a smaller area to block with clots
Blood Clotting
Vascular spasm Platelet plugs
When capillaries rupture, the damage is too slight to initiate the formation of a clot. The rough shape causes the platelets to change shape (become spiky) and become sticky. They stick to each other and the edges of the capillary
Chemical clotting