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Autotransformer
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The autotransformer
Sometimes, it is desirable to change the voltage by a small amount (for instance, when the consumer is far away from the generator and it is needed to raise the voltage to compensate for voltage drops). In such situations, it would be expensive to wind a transformer with two windings of approximately equal number of turns. An autotransformer (a transformer with only one winding) is used instead.
Series winding
Series winding
Common winding
Common winding
Output (up) or input (down) voltage is a sum of voltages across common and series windings.
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
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The autotransformer
Since the autotransformers coils are physically connected, a different terminology is used for autotransformers: The voltage across the common winding is called a common voltage VC, and the current through this coil is called a common current IC. The voltage across the series winding is called a series voltage VSE, and the current through that coil is called a series current ISE. The voltage and current on the low-voltage side are called VL and IL; the voltage and current on the high-voltage side are called VH and IH. For the autotransformers:
VC N C VSE N SE
(4.68.1)
NC I C N SE I SE
VL VC VH VC VSE
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
I L I C I SE I H I SE
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NHS = # of turns on the High Side NLS = # of turns embraced by the Low Side
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
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N SE N SE VH VC VC VL VL NC NC
Therefore: The current relationship will be:
(4.69.1)
NC VL VH N C N SE
(4.69.2)
I L I SE
N SE N I SE I H SE I H NC NC
(4.69.3)
Therefore:
I L N C N SE IH NC
(4.69.4)
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Autotransformer Example
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How did the load current become 60A? 15A provided directly to the load by VHS 45A provided to the load by transformer action
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Example 3.1
A 400-turn autotransformer, operating in the step-down mode with a 25% tap, supplies a 4.8-kVA, 0.85 Fp lagging load. The input to the transformer is 2400-V, 60-Hz. Neglecting the small losses and leakage effects, determine (a) the load current, (b) the incoming line current, (c) the transformed current, (d) the apparent power conducted and the apparent power transformed.
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a = NHS / NLS = 400/(0.25)(400) = 4 VLS = VHS / a = 2400 / 4 = 600 V ILS = 4800 VA / 600 V = 8 A = ILOAD
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(b) ILINE = IHS = ILS / a = 8 A / 4 = 2 A (c) ITR = ILS IHS = (8 2) A = 6 A (d) Scond = IHSVLS = (2 A)(600 V) = 1200 VA Strans = ITRVLS = (6 A)(600 V) = 3600 VA
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Two-Winding Transformer
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
Reconnected as Autotransformer
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S (V V ) I
at 1 2
S V I
2w 2 at
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S (a 1) S
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2w
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Example 3.2
A 10-kVA, 60-Hz, 2400240-V distribution transformer is reconnected for use as a step-up autotransformer with a 2640-V output and a 2400-V input. Determine
(a) the rated primary and secondary currents when connected as an autotransformer; (b) the apparent-power rating when connected as an autotransformer.
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AC 1e-009Ohm LOAD 63.35 Ohm + 4.357 + 41.672 Ico nducted A AC 1e-009Ohm Itransformed A AC 1e-009Ohm + U1 2.640k V AC 1MOhm
V1 2400 V 60 Hz 0Deg
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Sin VL I L Sout VH I H
It is easy to show that
Sin Sout S IO
where SIO is the input and output apparent powers of the autotransformer. However, the apparent power in the autotransformers winding is
SW VC I C VSE I SE
Which is:
(4.70.4)
SW VL I L I H VL I L VL I H VL I L VL I L NC N SE S IO N SE NC N SE NC
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(4.70.5)
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S IO N SE N C SW N SE
(4.71.1)
The last equation described the apparent power rating advantage of an autotransformer over a conventional transformer.
SW is the apparent power actually passing through the windings. The rest passes from primary to secondary parts without being coupled through the windings. Note that the smaller the series winding, the greater the advantage!
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SW S IO
N SE 28 5 1.015MVA N SE N C 28 110
Therefore, the autotransformer would have windings rated at slightly over 1 MVA instead of 5 MVA, which makes is 5 times smaller and, therefore, considerably less expensive. However, the construction of autotransformers is usually slightly different. In particular, the insulation on the smaller coil (the series winding) of the autotransformer is made as strong as the insulation on the larger coil to withstand the full output voltage.
The primary disadvantage of an autotransformer is that there is a direct physical connection between its primary and secondary circuits. Therefore, the electrical isolation of two sides is lost.
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b. The max series winding current: The secondary apparent power: c. The power rating advantage:
I SE ,max
or
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Variable-voltage autotransformers
The effective per-unit impedance of an autotransformer is smaller than of a conventional transformer by a reciprocal to its power advantage. This is an additional disadvantage of autotransformers.
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However its one major disadvantage is that it can not provide isolation between HV and LV side. In fact, due to an open circuit in the common portion between E & C, the voltage on the load side may soot up to dangerously high voltage causing damage to equipment. This unexpected rise in the voltage on the LV side is potentially dangerous to the personnel working on the LV side.
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THANK YOU
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
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