Lecture #16

EEE 574
Dr. Dan Tylavsky
Branch Modeling
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
There are two types of branches we wish to model:
Transmission Lines
Transformers
Lets first look at transmission line modeling.
(Assuming nominal or equivalent pi model:)
R + j X
B
SH

B
SH

Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
R + j X
B
SH

B
SH

Node specification may
include a fixed reactor or
shunt capacitor.
B
SH
may be specified in:
per unit (PU).
MVAR = Q
SH
=V
2
B
SH
, B
SH
>0 (where V is the nominal system
voltage.)
Branch/node may also include a switched reactor or
capacitor.
Data format may not allow enough info to tell if shunt branch
is lost when T-line is lost.
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
Power flow data formats: (Many!)
IEEE Common Format for Exchange of Solved Load
Flow Data.
Well use and discuss this format.
PECO (Philadelphia Electric Co.) Format.
WSCC (Western Systems Coordination Council)
Format.
Etc.
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
IEEE Format
T-Line (Branch) Data
Terminal Identifier - 4 digit right justified bus numbers
Node From Cols. 1-4
Node To Cols. 6-9
Circuit Number Cols. 17
Integer 1-9 used to identify parallel lines
Branch Type Col. 19
0 Transmission Line
Branch Impedance Cols. 20-39
R, X in 2F10.6
Line Charging Cols. 41-49
2*B
SH
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
Transformer Modeling:
We want to find an equivalent circuit in the form:
Ya
Yc

Yb

I
2

+

V
2

-
+

V
1

-
I
1

R + j X=Z=Y
-1

1:a
+

V
2

-
+

V
1

-
I
1

I
2

Tap
Side
Impedance
Side
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
Calculate the short-circuit
admittance parameters for
this two-port circuit.
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
V Y V Y I
V Y V Y I
+ =
+ =
c a
V
a
a
V
a
a
V
b a
V
Y Y
V
I
Y
Y
V
Y V
V
I
Y
Y
V
Y V
V
I
Y
Y Y
V
I
Y
+ = =
= = =
= = =
+ = =
=
=
=
=
0
2
2
22
1
1
0
1
2
21
2
2
0
2
1
12
0
1
1
11
1
2
1
2
We want to find an equivalent circuit in the form:
Ya
Yc

Yb

I
2

+

V
2

-
+

V
1

-
I
1

Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
Calculate the short-circuit
admittance parameters for
the xfmr as a two port.
For the ideal transformer:
R + j X=Z=Y
-1

1:a
+

V
2

-
+

V
1

-
I
1

I
2

Tap
Bus
Impedance
Bus
a
V V
2 1
1
=
'
By power balance:
1
*
2
*
1
2
*
1
2 *
2 2
*
1 1
I a I or
a
I
I I
a
V
I V I V = = = =
'
( )
2
1
*
1
0
2
2
22
*
1
*
1
0
1
2
21
2
2
0
2
1
12
0
1
1
11
'
1
2
1
2
a
Y
aV a
I
V
I
Y
a
Y
V a
I
V
I
Y
a
Y
V
Y
a
V
V
I
Y
Y
V
I
Y
V
V
V
V
= = =
= = =
= = =
= =
=
=
=
=
a
V
V
2
1
=
'
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
Equating like coefficients.
2
22
*
21
12
11
a
Y
Y Y Y
a
Y
Y Y
a
Y
Y Y
Y Y Y Y
c a
a
a
b a
= + =
= =
= =
= + =
With 4 equations & 3
unknowns, the system is
over-determined.
Can be solved if one
constraint is redundant.
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= + = +
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= + = +
=
2
2
2 2
1
1
a
a
Y
a
Y
a
Y
Y
a
Y
Y
a
Y
a
Y
Y Y
a
a
Y
a
Y
Y Y
Y Y
a
Y
Y Y Y
a
Y
Y
c
c c a
b
b b a
a
This is the case if a=a*.
Turns ratio is real (no phase shift.)
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky


I
2

+

V
2

-
+

V
1

-
I
1

|
.
|

\
|

a
a
Y
1
a
Y
|
.
|

\
|
2
1
a
a
Y
Tap
Bus
Impedance
Bus
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
Y
1:a
+

V
2

-
+

V
1

-
I
1

I
2

Teams: For the following circuit show the equivalent
model is.


I
2

+

V
2

-
+

V
1

-
I
1

( ) a a Y
2
aY
( ) a Y 1
This model cannot be used simply with IEEE format.
No division by a is somewhat of an advantage.
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
IEEE Format
Transformer (Branch) Data
Terminal Identifier - 4 digit right justified bus numbers
Tap Bus Cols. 1-4
Impedance Bus Cols. 6-9
Circuit Number Cols. 17
Integer 1-9 used to identify parallel transformers
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
IEEE Format
Transformer (Branch) Data contd
Branch Type Col. 19
0 transmission line
1 fixed voltage ratio and/or fixed phase angle.
2 fixed phase angle and variable voltage ratio with
voltage control (ULTC).
3 fixed phase angle and variable voltage ratio w/
MVAR control. (rare)
4 fixed voltage ratio and variable phase angle w/ MW
control.
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
IEEE Format
Transformer (Branch) Data contd
Branch Impedance Cols. 20-39
R, X in per-unit
Line Charging Cols. 41-49
2*B
SH
Control Bus Cols. 69-72
Specifies where the quantity being controlled is
measured.
Side Col. 74
0 - controlled bus is at the transformers terminals
1 - the remote controlled bus is near the tap side
2 - the remote controlled bus is near the impedance side.


Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
R + j X=Z=Y
-1

1:a
+

V
2

-
+

V
1

-
I
1

I
2

Tap
Bus
Impedance
Bus
a
V
V
2
1
=
'
Increase a to increase voltage of bus
located on tap side of xfmr.
Decrease a to increase voltage of bus
on impedance side of the xfmr.
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
Branch Modeling
Copyright 1999 Daniel Tylavsky
Transformer Types
0 transmission line
1 fixed voltage ratio and/or fixed phase angle.
2 fixed phase angle and variable voltage ratio with voltage control (ULTC).
3 fixed phase angle and variable voltage ratio w/ MVAR control. (rare)
4 fixed voltage ratio and variable phase angle w/ MW control.

The End