Human Anatomy

(BIOL 1010)

E. Goffe
eggoffe@ccri.edu
Office 1132F
(Providence)

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 What is Anatomy?
Anatomy (= morphology): study of body’s
structure
Physiology: study of body’s function
Structure reflects Function!!!
Branches of Anatomy
 Gross: Large structures
 Surface: Landmarks
 Microscopic: Cells and Tissues
 Developmental: Structures change through life
 Embryology: Structures form and develop before
birth www.smso.net
 Hierarchy of the Body
Moleculesmade of chemicals (4 macromolecules in
body)
 carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Cellsmade of molecules
 cells and organelles
Tissuemade of cells
 epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organsmade of tissues
 made of >1 type of tissue
Systemsmade of organs
 11 systems in human body
Organismsmade www.smso.net
of systems
Pg 3
Anatomical Directions
Anatomical position
Regions
 Axial vs. Appendicular
Anatomical Directions-It’s all
Relative!
 Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior
(dorsal)
 Medial vs. Lateral
 Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior
(caudal)
 Superficial vs. Deep
 Proximal vs. Distal
Anatomical Planes
Pg 6  Frontal = Coronal
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Embryology: growth and
development
of the body before birth
38 weeks from conception to
birth
Prenatal period
 Embryonic: weeks 1-8
 Fetal: weeks 9-38
Basic adult body plan shows
by 2nd month
 Skin = epidermis, dermis
 Outer body wall=muscle,
vertebral column and spinal cord
 Body cavity and digestive tubes
 Kidney and gonads
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Weeks 5-8 and Fetal
Period
Second month, tadpole  person
 Tail disappears
 Head enlarges
 Extremities form (day 28, limb buds appear)
 Eyes, nose, ears form
 Organs in place
Fetal Period
 Rapid growth and maturation
 Organs grow and increase in complexity
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4 Types of Tissue

1)Epithelium
2)Connective
3)Muscle
4)Nervous

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Tissues: groups of cells closely associated
that have a similar structure and perform a
related function

Four types of tissue

 Epithelial = covering/lining
 Connective = support
 Muscle = movement
 Nervous = control
Most organs contain all 4 types
Tissue has non-living extracellular
material between its cells

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE: sheets of
cells cover a surface or line a
cavity
(tissue type #1)

Functions
 Protection
 Secretion

 Absorption

 Ion Transport

 Slippery Surface

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Characteristics of
Epithelium

Cellularity
Specialized Contacts
Polarity
 Apical vs. Basal
Supported by Connective Tissue
Avascular, Innervated
Regenerative

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Classification of Epithelium-
based on number of layers and cell
shape
Layers
 Simple
 Stratified
 Psuedostratified
Stratified layers characterized by shape
of apical layer
Shapes
 Squamosal
 Cuboidal
 Columnar
 Transitional www.smso.net Pg 71
Quiz!
! E

Can You Identify the

Classes of Epithelium?
D

A B

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Features of Apical Surface
of Epithelium
 Microvilli: (ex) in small intestine
 Finger-like extensions of the plasma
membrane of apical epithelial cell
 Increase surface area for absorption
 Cilia: (ex) respiratory tubes
 Whip-like, motile extensions
 Moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface
1-way
 Flagella: (ex) spermatoza
 Extra long ciliawww.smso.net
 Features of Lateral
Surface of Epithelium
Cells are connected to neighboring cells
via:
 Proteins-link cells together, interdigitate
 Contour of cells-wavy contour fits together
 Cell Junctions
 Desmosomes-adhesive spots on lateral sides
 Tight Junctions-at apical area, plasma
membrane of
adjacent cells fuse, nothing
passes
 Gap junction-spot-like junction occurring
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www.smso.net Pg 80
 Features of the Basal
Surface of Epithelium
Basement membrane = Sheet between the
epithelial and connective tissue layers
 Attaches epithelium to connective tissue below
 Basal lamina: thin, non-cellular, supportive sheet
Made of proteins
 Superficial layer
 Acts as a selective filter
 Assists epithelial cell regeneration by moving new cells
 Reticular fiber layer
 Deeper layer
 Support

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Name that Epithelial
Feature!
(name and location on cell)
3
Cilia 3
1 2 Tight 1
junction
Microvilli 2
Basement4
membran
e

4
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Glands: epithelial cells that make
and secrete a water-based
substance
Exocrine Glands
 Secrete substance onto
body surface or into body
cavity
 Have ducts
 Unicellular (goblet cells) or
Multicellular (tubular,
alveolar, tubuloalveolar)
 (ex) salivary, mammary,
pancreas, liver
www.smso.net Goblet cell in small
Glands: epithelial cells that make
and secrete a water-based
substance
Endocrine Glands
 Secrete product into blood stream
 Either stored in secretory cells or in follicle
surrounded by secretory cells
 Hormones travel to target organ to
increase response
 No ducts

Thyroid gland: hormone in follicles ( F ) released

into capillaries ( C )
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4 Types of Connective
Tissue

1) Connective Tissue
Proper
2) Cartilage
3) Bone Tissue
4) Blood

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 Connective Tissue (CT):
most abundant and diverse tissue
(tissue type #2)

Four Classes
Functions include connecting, storing &
carrying nutrients, protection, fight
infection
CT contains large amounts of non-living
extracellular matrix
Some types vascularized
All CT originates from mesenchyme
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1) Connective Tissue
Proper
Two kinds: Loose CT & Dense CT
Prototype: Loose Areolar Tissue
 Underneath epithelial tissue
 Functions
 Support and bind to other tissue
 Hold body fluids
 Defends against infection
 Stores nutrients as fat
 Each function performed by different
kind of fiber in tissue
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Fibers in Connective
Tissue
Fibers For Support
 Reticular: form networks for structure &
support (ex) cover capillaries
 Collagen: strongest, most numerous,
provide tensile strength
(ex) dominant fiber in ligaments
 Elastic: long + thin, stretch and retain
shape
(ex) dominant fiber in elastic cartilage

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In Connective Tissue Proper
Fibroblasts: cells that produce all
types of fibers in CT, produce +
secrete protein subunits to make
them
Interstitial (Tissue) Fluid: derived from
blood in CT proper; medium for
nutrients, waste + oxygen to travel to
cells; found in ground matrix
Ground Matrix (substance): part of
extra-cellular material that holds and
absorbs interstitial fluid,
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jelly-like with
Defense from Infection

Areolar tissue below epithelium is body’s

first defense
Cells travel to CT in blood
 Macrophages-eat foreign particles
 Plasma cells-secrete antibodies, mark
molecules for destruction
 Mast cells-contain chemical mediators for
inflammation response
 White Blood Cells = neutrophils, lymphocytes,
eosinophils-fight infection
Ground substance + cell fibers-slow
invading microorganisms
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Specialized Loose CT
Proper
Adipose tissue-loaded with fat cells,
highly vascularized, high metabolic
activity
 (eg) in hypodermis under skin

Reticular CT-contains only reticular

fibers
 Forms caverns to hold free cells
 (eg) bone marrow, holds blood cells
 Forms internal “skeleton” of some organs
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 (eg) lymph nodes, spleen
Dense/Fibrous Connective
Tissue
Contains more collagen
Can resist extremely strong pulling
forces
Regular vs. Irregular
 Regular-fibers run same direction, parallel to
pull
 (eg) fascia, tendons, ligaments
 Irregular-fibers thicker, run in different
directions
 (eg) dermis, fibrous capsules at ends of bones
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Components of CT Proper
Summarized
Cells Matrix

Fibroblasts Gel-like ground

substance
Defense Collagen fibers
cells Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
Fat cells

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2) Cartilage
Chondrocytes produce cartilage tissue
More abundant in embryo than adult
Firm, Flexible
Resists compression
 (eg) trachea, meniscus
80% water
Avascular, NOT Innervated
Perichondrium-dense, irregular
connective tissue around cartilage
 growth/repair of cartilage
 resists expansion during compression of
cartilage www.smso.net
Body
Three types:
 Hyaline
 most abundant
 fibrils in matrix
 support via
flexibility/resilience
 (eg) at limb joints, ribs, nose
 Elastic
 many elastic fibers in matrix
too
 great flexibility
 (eg) external ear, epiglottis
 Fibrocartilage
 resists both compression and
tension
 (eg) meniscus, annulus
fibrosus
Pg 125 www.smso.net
Components of Cartilage
Summarized

Cells Matrix

Chondrocytes Gel-like ground

substance
Chondroblasts Lots of water
(in growing
cartilage)
Some have collagen
and elastic fibers
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 3) Bone Tissue:(a bone is an
organ)
Well-vascularized
Function:
 support (eg) pelvic bowl, legs
 protect (eg) skull, vertebrae
 mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate (inorganic
component)
 movement (eg) walk, grasp objects
 blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow
Osteoblasts: secrete organic part of bone matrix
Osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain bone matrix
Periosteum: external layer of CT surrounds bone
Endosteum: internal layer of CT lines cavities and
covers trabeculae www.smso.net
 Bone Anatomy: Compact
Pg 128 bone

Compact bone: dense, external layer

 Haversian system = osteon
 long, cylindrical structures run parallel to long axis of
bone
 within each osteon, groups of concentric tubes (lamella)
 Lamella: layer of bone matrix all fibers run in same
direction
 fibers on each lamella runs in opposite directions to one
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near it
 Osteon

osteo
n
lamell
a
Pg 132

lamell
a

Pg 131 www.smso.net
 bone

Pg 136
Spongy bone (cancellous bone): internal
layer
 Trabeculae: small, needle-like pieces of
bone form honeycomb
 each made of several layers of lamellae +
osteocytes
 no canal for vessels
 space filled with bone marrow
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 1
2

Compact 2
Bone
Spongy Bone  1
Lamella  3
Haversian canal  4
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Components of Bone Tissue
Summarized

Cells Matrix

Osteocytes Gel-like ground

substance calcified
with inorganic salts
Osteoblasts Collagen fibers

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4) Blood: Atypical Connective
Tissue

Function:
 Transports waste, gases, nutrients,
hormones through cardiovascular
system
 Helps regulate body temperature
 Protects body by fighting infection
Derived from mesenchyme
Hematopoiesis: production of blood
cells
 Occurs in red bone marrow
 In adults, axial skeleton, girdles,
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 Blood Cells
Erythrocytes: (RBC) small, oxygen-
transporting
 most abundant in blood
 no organelles, filled w/hemoglobin
 pick up O2 at lungs, transport to rest of body

Platelets = Thrombocytes: fragments of

cytoplasm
• plug small tears in vessel walls, initiates clotting

Leukocytes: (WBC) complete cells , 5

types
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Components of Blood
Summarized
Cells Matrix

Erythrocytes Plasma
(red blood cells) (liquid matrix)

Leukocytes NO fibers
(white blood cells)

Platelets

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Muscle Tissue (tissue type #3)

Muscle cells/fibers
 Elongated
 Contain many myofilaments: Actin &
Myosin
FUNCTION
 Movement
 Maintenance of posture
 Joint Stabilization
 Heat Generation
Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac,
Smooth www.smso.net
 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
(each skeletal muscle is an organ)
Cells
 Long and cylindrical, in
bundles
 Multinucleate
 Obvious Striations
Skeletal Muscles-Voluntary
Connective Tissue
Components:
 Endomysium-surrounds
fibers
 Perimysium-surrounds

pg 235 bundles
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Cardiac Muscle
Cells
 Branching, chains of cells
 Single or Binucleated
 Striations
 Connected by Intercalated
discs
Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary
Myocardium-heart muscle
 Pumps blood through vessels
Connective Tissue
Pg Component
244  Endomysium: surrounding
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 Smooth Muscle
Tissue
Cells
 Single cells, uninucleate
 No striations
Smooth Muscle-Involuntary
 2 layers-opposite orientation
(peristalsis)
Lines hollow organs, blood
vessels
Connective Tissue Component
 Endomysium: surrounds cells

Pg 246 www.smso.net
control
Neurons: specialized nerve cells
 Cell body, dendrite, axon
Interneuron: between motor &
sensory neuron in CNS
Support cells (= Glial):
nourishment, insulation, protection
PN  Satellite cells-surround cell bodies
S within ganglia
 Schwann cells-surround axons
CN  Microglia-phagocytes
S  Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin
sheaths around axons pg
 Ependymal cells-line brain/spinal cord, 322
ciliated,help circulate CSF
Brain, spinal cord, www.smso.net
nerves
 Anatom Synapse: cell junction where
neurons communicate
y One direction: presynaptic
neuron, postsynaptic neuron
Presynaptic neuron
 Synaptic vesicles fuses
w/presynaptic membrane
 Neurotransmitters released,
 diffuse across
synaptic cleft, bind to
postsynaptic membrane
 ٠ Creates impulse
(action potential) in
that neuron
٠Cycle repeats

pg 325 www.smso.net
“May I please be excused? My brain is
full!!” www.smso.net