15-1

Scheduling

Operations Management

William J. Stevenson

8th edition

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Scheduling

CHAPTER

15

Scheduling

McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Operations Management, Eighth Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Scheduling

Scheduling

Scheduling: Establishing the timing of the use of equipment, facilities and human activities in an organization Effective scheduling can yield

Cost savings
Increases in productivity

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Scheduling

High-Volume Systems

Flow system: High-volume system with

Standardized equipment and activities

Flow-shop scheduling: Scheduling for highvolume flow system

Work Center #1

Work Center #2

Output

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Scheduling Manufacturing Operations

High-volume
JAN
Build A

Scheduling

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

Intermediatevolume
Low-volume

A Done
Build B B Done Build C

Service operations

C Done
Build D Ship On time!

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Scheduling

High-Volume Success Factors

Process and product design Preventive maintenance Rapid repair when breakdown occurs Optimal product mixes Minimization of quality problems Reliability and timing of supplies

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Scheduling

Intermediate-Volume Systems

Outputs are between standardized highvolume systems and made-to-order job shops

Run size, timing, and sequence of jobs

Economic run size:

Q0

2DS p H p u

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Scheduling

Scheduling Low-Volume Systems

Loading - assignment of jobs to process centers Sequencing - determining the order in which jobs will be processed Job-shop scheduling

Scheduling for low-volume systems with many variations in requirements

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Scheduling

Gantt Load Chart

Figure 15.2

Gantt chart - used as a visual aid for loading and scheduling

Work Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Center 1 Job 3 Job 4 2 Job 3 Job 7 3 Job 1 Job 6 Job 7 4 Job 10

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Loading

Infinite loading
Finite loading Vertical loading Horizontal loading Forward scheduling Backward scheduling Schedule chart

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Sequencing

Sequencing: Determine the order in which jobs at a work center will be processed. Workstation: An area where one person works, usually with special equipment, on a specialized job.

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Sequencing

Priority rules: Simple heuristics used to select the order in which jobs will be processed.
Everything is

#1 Priority

Job time: Time needed for setup and processing of a job.

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Priority Rules

Table 15.2

FCFS - first come, first served SPT - shortest processing time

EDD - earliest due date

CR - critical ratio

S/O - slack per operation

Rush - emergency

Top Priority

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Example 2
Average Number of Jobs at the Work Center
2.93 2.63 2.68 3.24

Table 15.4

Rule
FCFS SPT EDD CR

Average Flow Time (days)

20.00 18.00 18.33 22.17

Average Tardiness (days)

9.00 6.67 6.33 9.67

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Two Work Center Sequencing

Johnsons Rule: technique for minimizing

completion time for a group of jobs to be processed on two machines or at two work centers.

Minimizes total idle time Several conditions must be satisfied

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Johnsons Rule Conditions

Job time must be known and constant Job times must be independent of sequence Jobs must follow same two-step sequence

Job priorities cannot be used

All units must be completed at the first work center before moving to second

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Johnsons Rule Optimum Sequence

1.

2. 3.

4.

List the jobs and their times at each work center Select the job with the shortest time Eliminate the job from further consideration Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all jobs have been scheduled

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Scheduling Difficulties

Variability in

Setup times Processing times Interruptions Changes in the set of jobs

No method for identifying optimal schedule Scheduling is not an exact science Ongoing task for a manager

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Minimizing Scheduling Difficulties

Set realistic due dates
Focus on bottleneck operations Consider lot splitting of large jobs

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Scheduling Service Operations

Appointment systems

Controls customer arrivals for service

Reservation systems

Estimates demand for service

Manages capacity for service Coordinates use of more than one resource

Scheduling the workforce

Scheduling multiple resources

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Cyclical Scheduling

Hospitals, police/fire departments, restaurants, supermarkets Rotating schedules

Set a scheduling horizon Identify the work pattern Develop a basic employee schedule Assign employees to the schedule

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Service Operation Problems

Cannot store or inventory services Customer service requests are random Scheduling service involves

Customers Workforce Equipment

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Service Scheduling

SSU1 OverviewUnited Airlines

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Service Scheduling

SSU2 United Airlines Flight Schedule

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Schedule

PS8 Painting Example (Washburn Guitar)