SYSTEM

A goal directed unit made up of interdependent, interacting parts which endure over a period of time (Friedman, 1986) A set of elements or components that are related to each other in more or less stable fashion through a period of time (Zandin, 1990) System theory focuses on the arrangement of and relations by which the parts which can connect them into the whole Concept & framework to think in terms of facts and events in the context of whole (Holism) Social system a model of social organization it is a living system possessing a total unit distinctive from its component parts and distinguishable from its environment by clearly defined boundary composed of 2 or more persons or social roles tied together by mutual interdependence

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System Theory

System Concept
System Environment boundary Boundary real or imaginary lines of demarcation that separate one system from another/environment Provides a sense of order to overall concept of a system; serves as point of exchange between input and output; filter open and close system makin renggang/rapat su/ filter mempengaruhi > interaksi maintenance stability of system

Input, process, and output

Hierarchy - Suprasystem lingkup yg lebih luas dari sistem dimana focal system merupakan salah satu bagian didalamnya (e.q masyarakat, SKN) - Subsystem unit/komponen dalam suatu focal system (e.q keluarga, rumah sakit) Goal directedness Information
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Hierarchy of System
Subsystems Systems Supra systems

S U P R A S Y S T E M
Interacting system

Interacting system

Focal System Interacting system Subsystem within focal system

Interacting system

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System Theory

General System Theory

Disebut Open System Theory (Von Bertalanffy, 1930) The grandest of grand theory because of its universal relevancy and applicability Composed of : - Structural & functional components, which interact within a boundary that filters the type and rate of exchange w/ the environment Living systems are open ongoing exchange of matter, energy and information Closed system does not interact w/environment (e.q chemical reaction in an apparatus)
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Elements of a system
Input matter, energy, and information received from environment Throughput (process) matter, energy, and information that is modified or transformed within the system Output matter, energy and information that is released from the system into the environment Feedback information regarding environmental responses used by the system (may be positive or negative or neutral)

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK
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Basic Tenets of GST

Systems is composed of subsystems, each with its own function Systems contains energy and matter A system may be open or closed have clearly defined boundaries Open system interact w/environment (e.q human) Closed system does not interact w/environment (e.q chemical reaction in an apparatus) Open and closed systems reach stationary states For survival a system must achieve a balance internally and externally (equilibrium) depends on the ability to regulate input and output Needs various adaptation to maintain equilibrium Adaptation occurs accepting or rejecting the matters, energy or information, or by accommodating the input and modifying the system responses (Kenney, 1995)
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Open System Theory Principles

A system is a unit that is greater than the sum of its parts (wholeness is a major premise of both GST and OST) A system is comprised of subsystems that are themselves part of suprasystem (hierarchical nested) A system has boundaries (I.e abstract entities such as rules, norms and values) that permit exchange of information and resources both into (inputs) and out of (outputs) the system boundaries can also hinder or block exchange process Communication and feedback mechanisms between system parts are essential for system function A change in one part leads to change the whole systems (circular causality) A system goal or end point can be reached in different ways (equifinality)

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System Theory

System and environment

Structure and function are closely related and continually interact with one another

Structure based on organization within part of a system (e.g the ongoing membership of an organization and the pattern of relationship) employee-boss; colleague-colleague; wifehusband different demands, role and expectations Decision making process (power structure) Structure may enhance or detract from individual ability to respond to stressors very rigid or very flexible can impair function (e.q peran finansial dipegang kepala keluarga bpengaruh ketika dia sakit income menurun/berhenti) Function processes to achieve goals of a system needs communication, goal-setting, conflict resolution, use of external & internal resources (e.q reproduksi, ekonomi, pendidikan) unmeet needs leads to dysfunctional
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Energy, Entropy & Negentropy

Capacity to do work Maintain dynamic state of a system To maintain differentiation of system component
Entropy a process of energy depletion and disorganization moving the system toward illness or possible death Negentropy A process of energy conservation that increases organization and complexity, moving the system toward instability or a higher degree of wellness

Entropy >> a system rundown, fail to accomplish meaningful goals Negentropy >> Increase organisation, goals are attained

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System Theory

Nursing Process as an Open System

Nursing process is an open system interacts w/environment, continually changing as the clients nursing needs change Input comes from assessment data and from nurses how the client interacts w/environment create health care needs Outputs clients responses to nursing intervention (I.e clients status for returning home) is returned as feedback to the nursing process system and the client successfully or unsuccessfully functions in their environment Neuman System Model (1975) defines a totalperson model of holism and an open system approach interacts w/environment internally and externally; stressors from environment affect the system
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Nursing process as a system

INPUT Client interaction w/environment domains: Psychological Physiological Sociocultural Environmental Spiritual SYSTEM OUTPUT Nursing Process Assessment Evaluation Nursing diagnosis Planning

Clients health status for Returning to the environment

Implementation

FEEDBACK

Client successfully of unsuccessfully Functions in the environment

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System Theory

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Family as an Open Social System

Family is viewed as an open social system that exists in and interacts w/the larger system (suprasystem) of the community (e.g political, religious, school and health care systems) Family system consists of interrelated parts (family members) that form a variety of interaction patterns (subsystems) Has implicit and explicit goals, which vary according to the stage in the family life cycle, values and individual concerns of family members

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System Theory

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