Biodiversity

The variety among living organisms

Viruses
It is difficult to place viruses into the five-kingdom scheme of classification

Viruses
Contain nucleic acids, DNA and RNA Reproduce in the living host cells Do not have cellular organisation. No nucleus enclosed by nuclear membrane, no cytoplasm and no organelles

Viruses
No processes such as nutrition, respiration, excretion, growth, irritability and movement Show no signs of life outside the cells of the living host

Five Kingdom Systems

Organisms are grouped into
Prokaryotae Protoctista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Prokaryotae
Prokaryotes E.g. bacteria, cyanobacteria

Protoctista
Eukaryotic Unicellular or multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Reproduce asexually and sexually

*heterotrophic organisms requiring a supply of organic material (food) from its environment

Algae
Photosynthetic thallus Thallus a relatively undifferentiated vegetative body with no true roots, stems, leaves, or vascular system Great range of size and form Habitat: aquatic or moist area

Chlorophyta (green algae) Chlorophyceae

photosynthetic pigment; Chlorophyll a & b (dominant) food reserve is insoluble starch eg. Chlamydomonas (unicellular, motile), spirogyra (filamentous)

Chlamydomonas sp.

Chlamydomonas sp.
Contractile vacuole a membrane-surrounded cavity in a cell that periodically expands, filling with water, and then suddenly contracts, expelling its contents to the cells exterior Pyrenoid site of starch formation

Spirogyra sp.

Spirogyra sp.
Chloroplast ribbon-shaped Pyrenoids are found on the chloroplasts

Protozoa
Unicellular High degree of cellular differentiations with many organelles Locomotion using pseudopodia, cilia or flagella

Zoomastigina (Flagellates)
Green autotrophic Colourless - heterotrophic Flagella are used for locomotion One nucleus Definit shape Eg. Euglena

Euglena gracilis

Euglena gracilis
Reservoir place where water is stored Paramylum granules stored food Canal tube of pipe for food or air Myoneme long contractile fibrils Accessory vacuole a number of radial canals which are filled with fluid before emptying into the main vacuole

Fungi
Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic saprotrophs, parasites or mutualistic In saprophytic fungi, they digest their food extracellularly by secreting enzymes. The then absorb the digested food through their cell walls into their hyphae Cell walls made of chitin

Fungi
Body of the fungi is called mycelium which is a network of fine thread-like structures called hyphae Food reserve are glycogen granules or lipid droplets Non-motile Reproduction Sexually - conjugation Asexually spores Eg. Mucor

Muc or sp.

The life cycle of Mucor

sp.

Mucor sp.
Multicell Saprophyte the hyphae relaease enzymes into the substance digesting the substrate into simple molecules and absorb the digested products Sporangiophore the part that bears sporangia

Mucor sp.
Sporangium a capsule in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop. Asexual & sexual reproduction heterothallus Haploid life cycle

Plantae
Eukaryotic Have cellulose cell wall Cells have a large vacuole Multicellular Autotroph Non-motile Reproduce sexually

Biodiversity
Gametophyte haploid individual producing gametes by mitosis Sporophyte diploid individual which produces spores by meiosis Alternation of generation plants that show distinct alternation of generations between the diploid individuals (sporophytes) and the haploid individuals (gametophytes) in their life cycle.

Biodiversity

Sexual reproduction progeny will not be identical to the parents. This is due to variations that occur during the formation of gametes. This advantage plays an important role in maintaining the survival of a species. Three different types of life cycles: (a) Haploid life cycle gametophyte generation is dominant. (b) Diploid life cycle sporophyte generation is dominant. (c) Haploidiplon life cycle the haploid and diploid stages where both stages alternate.

Biodiversity
Three different types of life cycles: (a) Haploid life cycle gametophyte generation is dominant. (b) Diploid life cycle sporophyte generation is dominant. (c) Haploidiplon life cycle the haploid and diploid stages where both stages alternate.

Biodiversity

Bryophyta Hepaticae
The simplest group of land plants There is alternation of generations. Haploid gametophyte is dominant generation. Gametophyte is a thallus with unicellular rhizoids Rhizoids are long tubular single cells that lack specialised conducting cells

Bryophyta Hepaticae
Water & mineral salts can be absorbed by the surface of the plant as well as root-like rhizoids The main function of rhizoids is anchorage The diploid sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte and is dependent on it for support and nutrition Found in damp, shady places, highland Eg. Marchantia

Gemmae cup of Marchantia

Marchantia polymorpha

Marchanti a sp.

Life cycle of Marchantia

Marchantia
Gemmae cup containing gemmae which is a group of cells that can detach from the thallus when hit with irrigation or rain drops and produce new plant. Archegonium (female) & antheridium (male) a moist chamber in which gamates develop

Filicinophyta Filicinae (Ferns)

There is alternation of generations. Diploid sporophyte is dominant generation. homosporous (having one kind of spore that gives rise to gametophyte generation bearing both male and female reproductive organs.) Gametophyte is a free-living, photosynthetic prothallus.

Filicinophyta Filicinae (Ferns)

Sporophyte has true stems, leaves and roots. Vascular tissue consists only of tracheids and sieve tubes. (No xylem vessels and companion cells) Stem is an underground rhizome. Eg. Dryopteris

D r y o p t e ri s

Life cycle of the fern,

Dryopteris

Coniferophyta
There is alternation of generations. Diploid sporophyte is dominant generation Produces sporangium inside the cone Heterosporous megaspores (inside female cones) & microspores (inside male cones) One of the megaspore which survives and proceeds to grow and form the female gametopyte The germinated pollen grain is the male gametophyte

Coniferophyta
Ovules are not enclosed by ovary wall Naked seeds - Seeds are not enclosed by fruit wall (pericarp) No fruits & flowers Only tracheids present. Albuminous cells instead of companion cells. The leaves are needle-like Eg. Pinus

Pinus

Life cycle of

Pinus

Angiospermophyta
Diploid flowering plant is the dominant sporophyte generation Flowers are produced Heterospory pollen grains & embryo sacs Ovules are enclosed in ovary Ovules develop into seeds & ovary develops into fruit Seeds are enclosed by fruit wall Xylem vessels, tracheids, companion cells and sieve tubes are present.

Monocotyledonae Seeds - Embryo has one cotyledon Flowers floral parts mainly in threes or multiples of three perianth consists of two similar whorls, sepals and petals are not distinct often wind-pollinated

Monocotyledonae

Leaves Lanceolate (leaves elongated, narrow and pointed) parallel venation stomata are found on both surfaces of the leaf

Monocotyledonae Stem vascular bundles are scattered in the ground tissue there is no distinct cortex and pith vascular cambium absent from vascular bundles no secondary thickening

Monocotyledonae Roots Fibrous root system - Zea mays

Example

 Seeds - Embryo has two cotyledons Flowers floral parts mainly in fours and fives or multiples of these perianth consists of two distinct whorls, the outer sepals (calyx) and the inner whorl of petals (corolla) often insect-pollinated

Dicotyledonae

 Leaves leaves have broad lamina (broad blade) Netlike / reticulate venation more stomata on lower surface of the leaf

Dicotyledonae

Dicotyledonae

Stem vascular bundles are arranged in a ring cortex and pith are distinct vascular cambium present in vascular bundles secondary thickening may occur

 Roots tap root system with lateral roots - Helianthus Example

Dicotyledonae

Angiospermophyta

Angiospermophyta