Practical Audio Experiments using the TMS320C5505 USB Stick

Echo and Reverberation"

Texas Instruments University Programme Teaching Materials

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Echo and Reverberation

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Chapter 3 - Slide 2

Objectives

To explain echo and reverberation To implement them in C code To test the models using the Texas Instruments TMS320C5505 USB Stick with a microphone and headphones/computer loudspeakers.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 3

Echo
Echo is audible because the speed of sound is relatively slow, about 400 meters per second Click on icon to listen to echo.
Sound Source

Direct Sound Echo

Listener
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Block Diagram of Echo

For the time being, we will consider only one echo path

Output = Input + Delayed Input

Simplified Echo
Input + + Delay Gain Delayed Input Output

Because of losses in the delayed path, Gain < 1.

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Equation for Simplified Echo

Simplified Echo
x(n) + + z-N
G

y(n)

G.x(n)z -N

y (n) x(n) Gx(n) z x(n)(1 Gz

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Chapter 3 - Slide 6

Frequency Response
The frequency response of echo can be calculated using the following Matlab .m file.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 7

Frequency Response of Echo

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Chapter 3 - Slide 8

Multiple Echo Paths

A real room will have several echo paths.
Multiple Echo Paths
Input

+ Delayed Input 1 Delay1 Gain1 + + Delayed Input 2 Delay2 Gain2 Output

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Chapter 3 - Slide 9

Summary of Echo
The Echo output is derived solely from the input Certain frequencies are attenuated Because the poles lie inside the unit circle, echo is stable.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 10

Reverberation
Reverberation is similar to echo, but uses a slightly different configuration Click on the icon to hear reverberation.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 11

Reverberation on Stage
Sound reaches the microphone from both the performer and the the loudspeakers.

Loudspeaker Performer

Loudspeaker

Microphone

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Chapter 3 - Slide 12

Block Diagram of Reverberation

Output = Input + Delayed Output

Simplified Reverberation
Input + +
Gain

Output

Delay

Delayed Output

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Chapter 3 - Slide 13

Simplified Reverberation Equation

Simplified Reverberation
x(n) + +
G

y(n)

Gy(n)z-N

z-N

y (n) x(n) Gy(n) z x(n) /(1 Gz

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Chapter 3 - Slide 14

Matlab Model of Reverberation

Using Matlab, the frequency response of reverberation can be calculated using the following .m file.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 15

Reverberation Frequency Response

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Chapter 3 - Slide 16

Summary of Reverberation
The output is derived from both the input and the previous output At certain frequencies, the output will be amplified

Because the poles lie on the unit circle, reverberation can become unstable.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 17

Real World Echo and Reverberation

A real room will have several echo paths

When sound is reflected off a surface there will be coloration. Certain frequencies will be absorbed and there will be phase changes Therefore, a commercial echo / reverberation unit will contain many different delay paths.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 18

C Code Implementation

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Chapter 3 - Slide 19

C Code Implementation

This laboratory uses a sampling rate of 24000 Hz rather than 48000 Hz This allows longer delay times to be implemented

The echo and delay buffers are implemented as circular buffers.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 20

Introduction to Laboratory

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Chapter 3 - Slide 21

Practical Echo and Reverberation

In the Laboratory you will build a C code implementation for echo and reverberation You will be able to run different echo and reverberation effects on the TMS320C5505 USB Stick.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 22

USB Stick Setup TMS320C5505

USB to PC
Microphone Headphones

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Chapter 3 - Slide 23

Installing the Application

Copy the code from Application 3 Echo and Reverberation to the workspace Follow the steps previously given in Chapter 1 to set up the new project.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 24

Files In Project

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Chapter 3 - Slide 25

Console

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Chapter 3 - Slide 26

Changing Echo Buffer Length

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Chapter 3 - Slide 27

Adjusting the Echo

In the file echo.c, change the size of the delay buffer N How does the echo effect change as the value of N is decreased and increased? What is the maximum value of N supported by the hardware?

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Chapter 3 - Slide 28

Changing the Reverberation Buffer Length

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Chapter 3 - Slide 29

Adjusting the Reverberation

In the file reverberation.c, change the value of N to change the reverberation buffer length. The current value is 200ms Change the value of DEPTH between 0 and 32767. Listen to the effect Question: What happens when DEPTH is 32767, that is 100% is fed back?

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Chapter 3 - Slide 30

Programming Challenge
In the real world there are multiple echo and reverberation paths Write your own code to combine both echo and reverberation.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 31

Questions
What are the differences between echo and reverberation?

Which of echo and reverberation requires the least memory to write your program?
How would you ensure that reverberation remains stable?

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Chapter 3 - Slide 32

References
A Digital Signal Processing Primer by Ken Steiglitz. ISBN 0-8053-1684-1.

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Chapter 3 - Slide 33