Human To Human Relationship Model

Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 1
Page 2
A nurse does not only seek to alleviate physical pain or
render physical care she ministers to the whole person. The existence of the suffering whether physical, mental or spiritual is the proper concern of the nurse. - Joyce Travelbee
Page 3
Introduction
Joyce Travelbee (1926-1973) developed the Human-to-Human Relationship Model
presented in her book Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing (1966, 1971). She dealt with the interpersonal aspects of nursing. She explains human-to-human relationship is the means through which the purpose of nursing if fulfilled
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 4
About the Theorist
A psychiatric nurse, educator and writer born in 1926. 1956, she completed her BSN degree at Louisiana State University 1959, she completed her Master of Science Degree in Nursing at Yale University.
Continued...
1952, Psychiatric Nursing Instructor at Depaul Hospital Affilliate School, New
Orleans. Later in Charity Hospital School of Nursing in Louisiana State University, New York University and University of Mississippi. Travelbee died at age 47.
Page 6
Development of the Theory

Travelbees formulation of her theory was greatly influenced by her experiences in
nursing education and practice in Catholic charity institutions. She concluded that the nursing care rendered to patients in these institutions lacked compassion. She thought that nursing care needed a humanistic revolution- a return to focus on the caring functions towards the ill person.
Continued...
Travelbees mentor, Ida Jean Orlando, is
one of her influences in her theory. Orlandos model has similarities to the model that Travelbee proposes. The similarities between the two models are shown in Travelbees statement: the nurse and patient interrelate with each other and by her description of the purpose of Nursing. She stated that the purpose of nursing is to assist an individual, family or community to prevent or cope with the experience of illness or suffering, and if necessary, to find meaning in these Free Powerpoint Templates experiences.
Page 8
Continued...
Travelbee based the assumptions of her theory on the concepts of existentialism by Soren Kierkegaard and logotherapy by Viktor Frankl. Existential theory believes that that humans are constantly faced choices and conflicts and is accountable to the choices we make in life Logotherapy theory was first proposed by
Viktor Frankel, a survivor of Auschwitzand other Nazi concentration camps , in his book Man's Search for Meaning (1963) in which a patient is actually confronted with and reoriented toward the meaning of his Free Powerpoint Templates life.
Page 9
Page 10
Continued..
Frankls concept is based on the premise that the primary motivational force of an
individual is to find a meaning in life. The following list of tenets represents basic principles of logotherapy: Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones. Our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life. We have freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience, or at least in the stand we take when faced with a Free Powerpoint Templates situation of unchangeable suffering
Page 11
Basic Concepts
Suffering
suffering is a feeling of displeasure that
varies in intensity, duration and depth and a feeling of unease, ranging from mild, transient mental, physical or spiritual discomfort to extreme anguish and those phases beyond anguish, namely the malignant phase of despair full not caring and the terminal phase of apathetic indifference."
Continuum of suffering
Suffering
Transitory extreme Feeling of anguish Displeasure
malignant terminal phase of phase of despairful apathetic not caring indifference
Conceptualized by Theresa Lansinger based on Joyce Travelbees definition Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 13
Continued.
Meaning
Meaning is the reason as oneself
attributes.
Nursing
is to help man to find meaning in the
experience of illness and suffering. has a responsibility to help individuals and their families to find meaning. The nurses' spiritual and ethical choices, and perceptions of illness and suffering, is crucial to helping to find meaning
Continued.
Hope Hope is a mental state the is characterised by the desire to gain an end or accomplish a goal combined with some degree of expectation that what is desired or sought is attainable Nurse's job is to help the patient to maintain hope and avoid hopelessness. Hope is a faith that can and will be change that would bring something better with it. Hope's core lies in a fundamental trust the outside world, and a belief that others will help someone when you need it.Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 15
Continued.
Six important factors characteristics of hope are:
1.
It is strongly associated with dependence on other people.
2.
It is future oriented.
Continued.
4. It is linked to elections from several
alternatives or escape routes out of its situation. 5. The desire to possess any object or condition, to complete a task or have an experience.
6. Confidence that others will be there for one
when you need them. 7. The hoping person is in possession of courage to be able to acknowledge its shortcomings and fears and go forward towards its goal
Continued.
Communications
communication is a process which can
enable the nurse to establish a human- tohuman relationship and there by fulfill the purpose of nursing, namely to assist the individuals and families to prevent and to cope with the experience of illness and suffering, and, if necessary, to assist them to find meaning in these experiences. "a strict necessity for good nursing care"
Continued
Using himself therapeutic
" one is able to use itself therapeutic."
Self-awareness and self-understanding,
understanding of human behaviour, the ability to predict one's own and others' behaviour are important in this process.
Targeted intellectual approach

Nurse must have a systematic
intellectual approach to the patient's situation.

Definition of domain concepts
Page 20
Continued.
Page 21
1. The nurse-patient relationship is the essence of the purpose of nursing.

2. Human beings are rational, social and
Assumptions
unique beings and are more different than alike. 3. Human beings undergo certain experiences and will search for meaning in them during the process of living. These experiences are considered a coherent wholes and could be understood(eg: illness anxiety , joy, harm). Therefore, likeness and similarities between human beings are the nature of their experiences. Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 22
Continued.
Labels tend to evoke stereotypical
categories. Nurses should remember that patients are human beings who differ from other human being only in requesting the assistance of other human beings believed capable of helping them solve health problems. Relationships are established when both partners perceive each others uniqueness. Then, such human relationships transcend roles are true, meaningful and effective relationships based on perceptions of uniqueness. Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 23
Continued. Nurse- patient relationships are based on

perceiving the patient as an illness and nursing as a task. Illness is only understood in the context of perception of the patient and the nurse. Illness, suffering and pain experiences could be self actualising if individuals find meaning in them. Human beings are motivated to search for and understand the meaning of all life experiences. Illness and suffering are not only physical encounters for human beings, they are Free Powerpoint Templates emotional and spiritual encounters as well.
Page 24
Continued.
Nurse- patient interaction, when
purposeful, fulfils the goals of nursing. Communication is a process that can enable the nurse to establish a nurse-patient relationship and there by fulfil the purpose of nursing namely to assist the individuals and families, to prevent and cope with the experience of illness and suffering and, if necessary, to assist them to find meaning in these experiences. Nurse are expected to ascertain the meaning of exchanged messages.
Nursing Metaparadigms
Person
Person is defined as a human being.
Both the nurse and the patient are
human beings. A human being is a unique, irreplaceable individual who is in continuous process of becoming, evolving and changing.
Page 26
Continued.
Health Health is subjective and objective. Subjective health is an individually defined state of well being in accord with self-appraisal of physical-emotionalspiritual status. Objective health is an absence of discernible disease, disability of defect as measured by physical examination, laboratory tests and assessment by spiritual director or psychological counsellor
Continued.
Environment
Environment is not clearly defined.
She defined human conditions and life
experiences encountered by all men as sufferings, hope, pain and illness. Illness being unhealthy, but rather explored the human experience of illness Suffering is a feeling of displeasure which ranges from simple transitory mental, physical or spiritual discomfort to extreme anguish and to those phases beyond anguishthe malignant phase of despairful Free Powerpoint Templates not caring and apathetic indifference
Page 28
Continued.
Pain is not observable. A unique experience. Pain is a lonely experience that is difficult to communicate fully to another
individual.
Hope the desire to gain an end or
accomplish a goal combined with some degree of expectation that what is desired or sought is attainable
Hopelessness being devoid of hope
Page 29
Continued.
Nursing
"an interpersonal process whereby the
professional nurse practitioner assists an individual, family or community to prevent or cope with experience or illness and suffering, and if necessary to find meaning in these experiences.
Page 30
Description of the theory

Travelbee believed nursing is accomplished through human-to-human relationships that begin with the original encounter and then progress through stages of emerging identities, developing feelings of empathy, and later feelings of sympathy.
The nurse and patient attain a rapport in the final stage.

For meeting the goals of nursing it is a
prerequisite to achieving a genuine humanto-human relationships.

Continued.
It has five phases.
1 2
This relationship can only be established by an interaction process.
The inaugural meeting or original encounter Visibility of personal identities/ emerging identities
3 4
Empathy Sympathy
Establishing mutual understanding and contact/ rapport

Continued.
1. Original Encounter Characterized by first impressions by the nurse of the ill person and the ill person of the nurse. Emotional knowledge colours impressions and perceptions of both nurse and patient during initial encounters. The task is to break the bond of categorization in order to perceive the human being in the patient and vice versa.(Travelbee, 1966, p.133)
Continued.
2. Emerging Identities Both the nurse and the patient begin to transcend their roles and perceives uniqueness of each other. Task include separating oneself and ones experiences from others and avoiding "using oneself as yardstick to evaluate others Barriers include envy, lack of interest in others, inability transcend self, or refusal to initiate emotional investment.
Continued.
Empathy
Involves sharing of ones psychological state but standing apart and not sharing feelings. It is characterised by ability to predict the behaviour of others. Two qualities that enhance empathy are
similarities of experience and desire to understand another person

Continued.
4. Sympathy Occurs when the nurse wants to lessen the cause of patients suffering sharing feeling and experiencing what others are feeling and experiencing accomplished This phase demonstrates emotional involvement and discredits objectivity as dishumanizing
Continued.
it goes beyond empathyWhen one sympathizes, one is involved but not incapacitated by the involvement. The task of the nurse is to translate
empathy in to helpful nursing actions.(therapeutic use of self)
Page 37
Continued.
5. Rapport All previous phases culminate in to rapport, defined as all those experiences, thoughts feelings and attitudes that both nurse and patient undergo and are able to perceive, share and communicate. All those experiences, thoughts, feelings and attitudes that both the patient and the nurse undergoes and are able to perceive, share and communicate Rapport is described as nursing interventions that lessens the patients suffering.
Continued.
Relation as human being to human being
- A nurse is able to establish rapport because she possesses the necessary knowledge and skills required to assist ill persons and because she is able to perceive, respond to and appreciate the uniqueness of the ill human being. *phases are in consecutive and developmental process.
Page 39
Page 40
Page 41
Propositions
To know and understand perceptions of time and life experiences increases the nurses abilities to meet the needs of the
patient. The nurses perception of patients is a major factor in determining the quality and quantity of nursing care she will render each patient. If nurses perceive patients as illness, tasks or set of stereotype characteristics, their focus in care in (institutional) rather than person centred. Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 42
Continued.
As person become chore and a task, the nurse withdraws and directs her energy toward meeting institutional needs" and the patients experience anger, irritability, tension, restlessness, sadness, depression, hopelessness, apathy and transient somatic symptoms
The individuals socio-economic status affects the level of dehumanization a person is subjected to.
The quality of nursing care given any patient is determined by nurses beliefs about illness, suffering and death. Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 43
Continued
The spiritual values of the nurse or her philosophical beliefs about illness and suffering will determine the extend to which she will be able to help patients to find meaning [or no meaning] in these situations. Nurses are able to empathize with patients who are similar to themselves. Experience of illness affects, to varying degree, all those associated with the patient, and subsequently affects the patients perception of the experience.
Continued.
There is a direct relationship between caring and suffering, the more the person cares and is attached to an object or a
person, the more the person suffers when that object or person is lost. Response to pain are influenced by cultural background of the person, philosophical premises, spirituality, level of anxiety and responses of others to the person in pain. Identify the properties of hope, determinants of hope and hopelessness.
Continued.
There is direct relationship between the extent to which the individuals need for cognitive clarity and security are met and the individuals anxiety level.
Page 46
Application
Practice: Hospice self-actualizing life experience. Assumption of the sick role. Meaning of life and sickness and death.
Education: Teaches nurses to understand the meaning of illness and suffering.

Research: Applied in the theory of caring cancer Free Powerpoint Templates patients.
Page 47
Analysis
Clarity is not consistent in clarity and origin. 1. Definition of terms came from dictionaries and books etc. 2. Used different terms for the same definition. 3. Focus more on adult individuals who are sick and the nurses role in helping them to find meaning in their sickness and suffering. 4. Deals in families and their needs but not in the community
Continued.
Simplicity not simple. 1. Contains different variables.
Generality has wide scope of application but applicable only to those patients in distress and life changing events.
Page 49
Continued.
Empirical Precision low measures of empirical soundness. 1. Result of lack of simplicity.
2. Defines concepts theoretically but does not define them operationally. 3. The model has not been tested.
Page 50
Continued.
Derivable Consequences development of quality of caring.
1. It is useful because of its ability to describe, explain, predict and control a phenomena. 2. Explains the variables that affect the establishment of a therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients.
3. Lack of empirical precision also creates lack Free Powerpoint Templates of usefulness.
Page 51
Conclusion
Travelbee's theory has significantly
influenced nursing and health care. Travelbee's ideas have greatly influenced the hospice movement in the west.
Page 52
Application
Joanna, a 25 year old woman who appeared at a psychiatric outpatient clinic requesting therapy. She said I do not want to be close with someone other than family.She had a happy childhood, loving parents and liked her sister. Her entire family is very active in religious Catholic activities and even gained a lot of friends. She thought that her fear of closeness began when she slept over with her friends house. During the night, her friend began to fondle her in a way that she interpreted as sexual. She become very frightened and felt guilty. She told no one before entering therapy. Although she attended college, she never dated and only participated in superficial contacts. She realized that this was not a healthy young adult behavior and because the behavior and because the behavior continued into her twenties, Joanna decided to seek help. In response to her situation, the psychiatric nurse. Luz, who is at the same age as Joanna, tried to get as much information that would help in Joannas situation. Although Joanna was initially hesitant and dry, Luz build a positive feeling of security by genuinely dealing with her as if they were real friends. In the end, Luz noticed that Joanna felt comfortable talking with her and even shared with her Free Powerpoint Templates more feelings and thoughts.
Page 53
References
http://theoriesinnursing.blogspot.in/2012/05/hum an-to-human-relationship-model.html http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Joyce_ Travelbee.html
Page 56
Page 57

Human To Human Relationship Model

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Human To Human Relationship Model

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

A nurse does not only seek to alleviate physical pain or

About the Theorist

Free Powerpoint Templates

Development of the Theory

Free Powerpoint Templates

Transitory extreme Feeling of anguish Displeasure

malignant terminal phase of phase of despairful apathetic not caring indifference

It is strongly associated with dependence on other people.

Self-awareness and self-understanding,

Targeted intellectual approach

intellectual approach to the patient's situation.

Definition of domain concepts

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

1. The nurse-patient relationship is the essence of the purpose of nursing.

Continued. Nurse- patient relationships are based on

Both the nurse and the patient are

Free Powerpoint Templates

She defined human conditions and life

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Description of the theory

The nurse and patient attain a rapport in the final stage.

prerequisite to achieving a genuine humanto-human relationships.

This relationship can only be established by an interaction process.

Establishing mutual understanding and contact/ rapport

similarities of experience and desire to understand another person

empathy in to helpful nursing actions.(therapeutic use of self)

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Education: Teaches nurses to understand the meaning of illness and suffering.

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Anda mungkin juga menyukai