Dr Manuel Karimpanackal MST

Introduction to Psychology
Danahalaya Institute of Formation, Punnapra

1.Know Self
Gnothi seauton Self-realization

Temple of Apollo at Delphi, 4th C., B.C.

Sages of India

2.Know Others 3.Personal Effectiveness

Cavemen and modern men eagerly concerned with the problems of a psychological nature.

The Story of Psychology

Psychologys Roots
Prescientific Psychology Birth of Psychology as a Science

Psychology modern approaches

Definition subfields

Prescientific Psychology

Vedas 1500 BC

Lao Tzu 600 BC

Plato 427-347 BC

Ancient psychological Alignment with Being Mind and matter views and the art of Ideas innate spiritual living Mental aspects ------mental philosophy Upanisads Early psychology called mental philosophy samkhya yogaa theory of mind and a practical discipline that claims to provide empirical support for its ideas.

Yoga sutra
Indian psychospiritual craft, for personal transformation and to alleviate human suffering

Daodejing
Pproposed a life orientation that transcends the self, social standards, and the unreliable and perishable pursuits of wealth and objects. Instead, one should understand, attend to, and tune in to the Dao so that one can be in harmony with the natural forces of the universe and attain the ultimate peace and unity with the Dao. In addition, the Daodejing suggested a way for one to link with the Dao through meditative introspection.

Prescientific Psychology

Aristotle

Speculated about Thinking, intelligence, motives, emotions

in--About the Soul

Ideas, thoughts, memories through senses Transition from inorganic to organic bodies Vegetative, sentient rational soul Mental philosophy----faculties of the soul Psychology defined --- study of soul Psyche=soul, life principle. Logos=discourse

Prescientific Psychology
Hebrew Scriptures

Hebrew scriptures nepesh= life, whole person (self) including mind and body. English-soul ; Greek -psyche.

Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated.

http://www.spacerad.com

http://ocw.mit.edu

Prescientific Psychology
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental method.

http://www.iep.utm.edu

Prescientific Psychology
John Locke (1632-1704)
biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg

Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.

Prescientific Psychology
What is the relation of mind to the body? Mind and body are connected The Hebrews Mind and body are distinct Socrates

Aristotle
Augustine

Plato
Descartes

Prescientific Psychology
How are ideas formed? The mind is a blank slate Aristotle

Some ideas are inborn Socrates

Plato

Locke

About 400 years ago, mental philosophers began to translate psyche as mind then psychology was defined as the study of mind.

Laboratory studies: From the above philosophical background grew experimental method laboratory studies on sense organs.

Origin of Species (1859) also suggested continuity between the human and the animal mind. This stimulated interest in the study of psychological behaviour of man and animals the nature of animal and human instinct, motivation and thinking.

Birth of scientific psychology:

The success of experimental method in sciences made some philosophers think mind and behaviour could be studied with scientific methods.

HISTORICAL APPROACHES

Wilhelm Wundt

1832 1920

Father of scientific psychology

German philosopher and psychologist established the first psychological laboratory at university of Leipzig in 1879, Germany.

 This event marks the beginning of psychology as an experimental science, separated from philosophy. Within a few years many major universities established psychology labs and departments.

Psychological Science is Born

Structuralism

Titchner (1867-1927)

Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig. The early school of psychology grew up around the ideas of Wundt and was established by his student Edward B. Titchner.

Structuralism.
Science of consciousness (mental life): For Wundt, the aim of psychology was to analyses conscious experience, as a chemist analyses matter into its elements, to disclose the simplest unit or elements of mind, or consciousnessa view known as

structuralism.

Structuralism
method of experimental introspection. examines or reflects on ones experience Wundt focussed on inner sensations, thoughts, and emotional states. Thus psychology was defined as the science of mental life or conscious experience.

schools of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt and other psychologists of the time thought of psychology as the study of mind. In the first decades of the twentieth century, psychologists came to hold quite different views about the nature of mind and the best ways to study it. Schools of thought formed around these psychologists. These schools of thought were known as the schools of psychology

Functionalism

1842

1910

challenged by William James and other psychologists should focus not on the structure of consciousness but on its functions.

Functionalism
How the mind functions to help us adapt to our environment focused on understanding how it helps human beings cope with the challenging and changing world around them. gave a practical slant to the research child development and the relative benefits of various educational practices.

Principles of psychology:
The three volume textbook 1890 William James demonstrates the spirit of psychology as a new separate field of study as it developed in the last years of the 19th centaury. It focused on learning, memory, instincts and related problems.

Psychoanalysis
Founded by the psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (18561938).

attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.

Psychoanalysis
- the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud. -Freud proposed that there is an unconscious (unaware) mind which influence behaviour. Stressed the influence of unconscious fears, desires, and motivations on thoughts, behaviors, the development of personality traits and psychological problems later in life

Psychoanalytic approach
He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created nervous disorders. Freud stressed the importance of early childhood experiences.

Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt good figure psychology.

Menu

founded in Germany about 1912 by Max Wertheimer and his colleagues. These psychologists felt that structuralists were wrong in thinking of the mind as being made up of elements.

They argued that mind could be thought of as resulting from the whole pattern of sensory activity and the relationships and organizations within this pattern.

Gestalt Approach
emphasized that perception is more than the sum of its parts and studied how sensations are assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences

Behaviourism.
From the 1920s into the 1960s American psychologists led by John Watson redefined psychology as the science of observable behaviour. They said science is rooted in observation. You cannot observe a sensation, a feeling or a thought but you can observe peoples outer behaviour in reaction to external stimulation

Behaviourism
J B Watson
studies how organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones, depending on whether events in their environments reward or punish these behaviors

emphasized the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors

+Towards Humanistic psychology

Psychology had, until the middle of the twentieth century, been dominated by two major ideological traditions. Scientific behaviourism Freudian psychoanalysis

+Towards Humanistic psychology Gradually a new tradition began to emerge whose adherents, including Maslow and Rogers, were convinced of the limitations of behaviourism and psychoanalysis.

+Towards Humanistic psychology Behaviourism, with its view that freedom is restricted by social and cultural conditioning was, in their opinion, a limiting one. Psychodynamic explanation that unconscious forces also restrict the ability to make free and informed choices, seemed limiting too.

Humanistic psychology Rogers Maslow

Unlike Behaviourism and psychoanalysis, acknowledge important human qualities like creativity, self-actualisation, self-awareness, love, choice and freedom. Aim:help each person attain his full potential to become all that he can become.

Humanistic psychology By 1950 established a new force in psychology called humanistic psychology, later known as the third force.

Existential approach

Many ideas expressed by Rogers and his colleagues are similar to the existential approach stresses the individual's unique and subjective world and the capacity for freedom and choice.

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

(Major Perspectives)
Except for the modern version of behaviorism and psychoanalysis, the old schools of psychology are no more in existence. Various viewpoints about what is important in understanding mental life and behavior, characterize the present outlook.

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

Cognitive approach
Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems

examines how we process, store, and use information and how this information influences behaviour and mental events [what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, feel and do]

Regaining Mind
1960s psychology began to recapture its initial interest in conscious and unconscious mental process with the rise of Humanistic Psychology, and Cognitive Revolution a renewal of interest in all aspects of cognition. (Many psychologists became interested in studying how our minds process, store, and retrieve information and how cognitive processes influence our behaviors)

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

Biopsychology
how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with our environments to influence behaviour and mental events. [learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, and coping techniques]

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

Evolutionary approach
Human and animal behaviour is the result of the process of evolution. Seeks to explain behaviour through principles of evolution based on natural selection Evolutionary psychology examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.

Evolutionary approach
Evolutionary psychology examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

Cross-cultural approach
examines the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on psychological and social functioning of a cultures members

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
How do psychologists answer questions?
Approaches to understanding behavior include:

Biological Cognitive Behavioral Psychoanalytic (more broad psychodynamic) Humanistic Cross cultural

To include psychologys concern both with overt behaviour and covert process (thoughts and feelings),

today psychology is
of behaviour and mental processes
defined as the science

Psychology is a science:
A body of systematized knowledge gathered by carefully observing and measuring events. uses the methods of science; psychologists conduct experiments and make observations, which others can repeat. They obtain data, often in the form of quantitative measurements, which others can verify quite different from forming opinions on the basis of individual experiences

behaviour any observable action or reaction of a living organism (eating, speaking, reading, running, sleeping, laughing) -- overt actions

cognitive (mental) processes

every aspect of our mental life thinking, imagining, studying,decision making.

Psychology -young science but an old subject

a long past but a short history.

Sub-fields of psychology
One way of describing the work of psychology is to discus some of the major subfields of psychology.

Clinical psychology study, diagnose, and treat psychological disorders by psychotherapy.

Any treatment/interaction in which a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to help someone suffering from psychological difficulties

+Clinical psychology
(the treatment of psychological disorders using psychological rather than biological methods.)
-administer psychological tests to facilitate diagnosis -perform research on problems of clinical nature.

Clinical psychology People often confuse clinical psychologist with psychiatrists. In training, psychologist has Ph.D. psychiatrists require M.D. psychiatrists can prescribe drugs, clinical psychologists cannot. work in conjunctions with psychiatrists.

Psychoanalyst Psychoanalyst is one who uses the particular psychotherapeutic technique, which originated with Freud.

Counselling psychology It is quite similar to clinical psychology. -milder emotional or personality problems within the normal range. -consulted by people with specific questions choice of career, educational guidance problems relating to married life.

Educational psychology They study factors involved in learning, teaching and schooling. They are concerned with learning difficulties, efficiency of learning, educational devices etc.

Experimental psychology Conducts much of their research under carefully controlled lab conditions with both animal and human subjects. It typically includes the study of animal and human learning and behaviour, perception, languages, thinking memory, motivation, emotion etc.

Industrial psychology -branch of applied psychology applies the principles and theories of psychology in relation to industrial environment. -try to improve the ways and means of knowing the tastes and interests of the consumers, advertising and sale of products, selection training and placing of personnel

-solving labour problems, establishing harmonious relationship between employees and employer, -strengthening morale of workers and increasing production.

Social Psychology
studies how an individuals thoughts, feelings, and behavior are affected by other people.

Social psychology -how social factors affect behaviour. group processes. -the influence of the group on the individual. -interpersonal events in group like attraction, aggression, emergence of leadership, competition, customs, culture, and family.

Developmental psychology -They study physical and psychological changes that accompany growth and aging. -concerned with the effects of maturation and experience across life span. -interests and tasks related to each stage of healthy development.

Engineering psychology They try to develop equipments and systems that most suited for human operation. More efficient interaction between people and machine is their goal. (computer)

Environmental psychology
They study the effect of environment on behaviour. They study things like the effect of noise, pollution, crowding in cities etc

Psychometrics
Focuses on the measurement of peoples abilities, skills, intelligence, personality, and abnormal behaviors

Positive Psychology
a viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychology away from the negative aspects to a more positive focus on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness, virtues, and optimal behavior

Transpersonal psychology
school of psychology that studies the transpersonal, the transcendent or spiritual aspects of the human mind.

incorporates spiritual dimensions of existence in the scientific study of human beings.

Transpersonal psychology
Transpersonal psychology developed from earlier branches of psychology including psychodynamic, behaviorism, humanistic, existentialphenomenological and cognitive.

Transpersonal psychology
Transpersonal literally means beyond the personal, beyond the ego, to include soul consciousness. Mind, spirituality, and higher states of consciousness are a main focus within transpersonal psychology. Within this context, spirituality refers to a universal dimension that is both transcendent and immanent.

Transpersonal psychology
They recognize the importance of integrating spiritual with physical and mental reality to form a holistic approach to the study of the human person and behaviour

Para = next to, along side of, beyond. A more or less accepted branch of psychology concerned with paranormal phenomena i. e. those that are presumed to be unexplainable using known laws and principles. Generally included in this branch are esp.

parapsychology

parapsychology
Telepathy: ability to transfer ones thoughts to another or to read the thoughts of others Ability for direct mental contact between two or more persons. A teacher breaks rule and leaves students to be near the phone. It rings your sister is dying. Telekinesis: (Lit. Movement from afar; ability to manipulate objects mentally

parapsychology
Clairvoyance: ability to perceive events or objects that are out of sight People can pick up information about remote / hidden objects, persons and events. Uri Geller (Israelis) ten times without error identified sealed tins containing an object. The odds: 1 in a 1000 million. Precognition: ability to foretell events ---Advance knowledge of events. A 19-year-old girl cancelled her programme, went home - moved mother from chair. Soon car crashed and destroyed the chair.

Other 11.5% Experimental 14.1%

Biological 9.9%

Developmental 24.6%

Psychometrics 5.5% Cognitive 8.0% Social 21.6% Personality 4.8%

HISTORICAL APPROACHES
How did psychology begin?
Structuralism: Elements of the Mind Functionalism: Functions of the Mind Gestalt Approach: Sensations versus Perceptions Behaviorism: Observable Behaviors

HISTORICAL APPROACHES
Structuralism
was the study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and perceptions, that make up our conscious mental experiences Wilhelm Wundt

CULTURAL DIVERSITY: EARLY DISCRIMINATION Minorities in (CONT.)

Psychology
Ruth Howard was the first African American woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1934. was a successful

CULTURAL DIVERSITY: EARLY DISCRIMINATION (CONT.)

Minorities in Psychology
George Sanchez (an Hispanic) conducted pioneering work on the cultural bias of intelligence tests given to minority students Sanchez showed that intelligence tests contained many questions that were biased against minorities resulting in lower scores

 Psychologist versus Psychiatrist

psychologists have completed four to five years of postgraduate education and have obtained a Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D in psychology clinical psychologists have a Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D., have specialized in a clinical subarea, and have spent an additional year in a supervised therapy setting to gain experience in diagnosing and treating a wide range of abnormal behaviors

CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY

CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Psychologist versus Psychiatrist
counseling psychologists provide many of the same services as Clinical Psychologists, but usually work with different problems such as those involving marriage, family, or career counseling psychiatrists are medical doctors (M.D.s) who have spent several years in clinical training, which includes diagnosing possible physical and

CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Many Career Settings
49% of psychologists work as clinical or counseling psychologists in either private practice or therapy settings 28% of psychologists work in academic settings of universities and colleges 13% of psychologists work in a variety of other kinds of jobs and career settings 6% of psychologists work in industrial settings

p17 Piechart

RESEARCH AREAS
Areas of Specialization
Social and Personality Developmental Experimental Biological Cognitive Psychometrics

 Areas of Specialization
Social psychology

RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)

involves the study of social interactions, stereotypes, prejudices, attitudes,conformity, group behaviors, and aggression
Personality psychology

involves the study of personality development, personality change, assessment, and abnormal behaviors

 Areas of Specialization

RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)

Developmental psychology

examines moral, social, emotional, and cognitive development throughout a persons entire life
Experimental psychology

includes areas of sensation, perception, learning, human performance, motivation, and emotion

RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)

Areas of Specialization
Biological psychology

or psychobiology involves research on the physical and chemical changes that occur during stress, learning, and emotions, as well as how our genetic makeup, brain, and nervous system

RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)

Areas of Specialization
Cognitive psychology

involves how we process, store, and retrieve information and how cognitive processes influence our behaviors
Psychometrics

focuses on the measurement of peoples abilities, skills,