Chemical BONDING

Chemical Bond
A bond results from the attraction of nuclei for electrons
All atoms trying to achieve a stable octet

IN OTHER WORDS
the p+ in one nucleus are attracted to the e- of another atom Electronegativity

Bond Formation
exothermic process
E N E R G Y

Reactants

Energy released Products

Breaking Bonds
Endothermic reaction
energy must be put into the bond in order to break it
E N E R G Y Reactants
Products

Energy Absorbed

Bond Strength
Strong, STABLE bonds require lots of energy to be formed or broken weak bonds require little E

Two Major Types of Bonding

Ionic Bonding
forms ionic compounds transfer of e-

Covalent Bonding
forms molecules sharing e-

One minor type of bonding

Metallic bonding
Occurs between like atoms of a metal in the free state Valence e- are mobile (move freely among all metal atoms) Positive ions in a sea of electrons

Metallic characteristics
High mp temps, ductile, malleable, shiny Hard substances Good conductors of heat and electricity as (s) and (l)

Its the mobile electrons that enable me tals to conduct electricity!!!!!!

IONic Bonding
electrons are transferred between valence shells of atoms ionic compounds are NOT MOLECULES made of ions ionic compounds are called Salts or Crystals

IONic bonding
Always formed between metals and non-metals
+ [METALS ] [NON-METALS ]
Lost eGained e-

IONic Bonding
Electronegativity difference > 2.0
Look up e-neg of the atoms in the bond and subtract NaCl CaCl2

Compounds with polyatomic ions

NaNO3

Properties of Ionic Compounds

hard solid @ 22oC high mp temperatures nonconductors of electricity in solid phase good conductors in liquid phase or dissolved in water (aq)
SALTS Crystals

Covalent Bonding
molecules Pairs of e- are shared between non-metal atoms

electronegativity difference < 2.0

forms polyatomic ions

Properties of Molecular Substances Covalent

bonding

Low m.p. temp and b.p. temps relatively soft solids as compared to ionic compounds nonconductors of electricity in any phase

Covalent, Ionic, metallic bonding?

NO2 sodium hydride Hg H2S sulfate NH4+ Aluminum phosphate KH KCl HF CO Co

Also study your characteristics!

Drawing ionic compounds using Lewis Dot Structures

Symbol represents the KERNEL of the atom (nucleus and inner e-) dots represent valence e-

NaCl
This is the finished Lewis Dot Structure
How did we get here?

+ [Na]

[ Cl ]

 Step 1 after checking that it is IONIC

Determine which atom will be the +ion Determine which atom will be the - ion

Step 2
Write the symbol for the + ion first. Draw the e- dot diagram for the ion
COMPLETE outer shell

NO DOTS

Step 3
Enclose both in brackets and show each charge

Draw the Lewis Diagrams

LiF MgO CaCl2 K2S

Drawing molecules using Lewis Dot Structures

Symbol represents the KERNEL of the atom (nucleus and inner e-) dots represent valence e-

Always remember atoms are trying to complete their outer shell!

The number of electrons the atoms needs is the total number of bonds they can make. Ex. H? O? F? N? Cl? C? one two one three one four

Methane CH4
This is the finished Lewis dot structure
How did we get here?

 Step 1 count total valence e- involved Step 2 connect the central atom (usually the first in the formula) to the others with single bonds Step 3 complete valence shells of outer atoms Step 4 add any extra e- to central atom IF the central atom has 8 valence e- surrounding it . . YOURE DONE!

Sometimes . . .
You only have two atoms, so there is no central atom, but follow the same rules. Check & Share to make sure all the atoms are happy.
Cl2 Br2 H2 O2 N2 HCl

 DOUBLE bond
atoms that share two e- pairs (4 e-)

O O
TRIPLE bond
atoms that share three e- pairs (6 e-)

N N

Draw Lewis Dot Structures

You may represent valence electrons from different atoms with the following symbols x, ,
CO2 NH3

Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for polyatomic ions

Count all valence e- needed for covalent bonding Add or subtract other electrons based on the charge REMEMBER! A positive charge means it LOST electrons!!!!!

Draw Polyatomics
Ammonium Sulfate

Types of Covalent Bonds

NON-Polar bonds
Electrons shared evenly in the bond E-neg difference is zero

Between identical atoms

Diatomic molecules

Types of Covalent Bonds

Polar bond
Electrons unevenly shared E-neg difference greater than zero but less than 2.0
closer to 2.0 more polar more ionic character

Place these molecules in order of increasing bond polarity

which is least and which is most?

HCl CH4 CO2 NH3 N2 HF

a.k.a.

ionic character

non-polar MOLECULES
Sometimes the bonds within a molecule are polar and yet the molecule is non-polar because its shape is symmetrical. H H C H
Draw Lewis dot first and see if equal on all sides

Polar molecules (a.k.a.

Dipoles)
Not equal on all sides
Polar bond between 2 atoms makes a polar molecule asymmetrical shape of molecule

H Cl

Space filling model Electron-Cloud model

+

Cl

Water is asymmetrical

Water is a bent molecule

H H
H H

W-A-T-E-R
as bent as it can be! Waters polar MOLECULE! Waters polar MOLECULE!
The H is positive The O is not - not - not - not

Making sense of the polar non-polar thing

BONDS MOLECULES

Non-polar Polar Identical Different

Non-polar
Symmetrical

Polar
Asymmetrical

IONIC bonds .
Ionic bonds are so polar that the electrons are not shared but transferred between atoms forming ions!!!!!!

4 Shapes of molecules

Linear (straight line)

Ball and stick model

Space filling model

Bent
Ball and stick model

Space filling model

Trigonal pyramid
Ball and stick model Space filling model

Tetrahedral
Ball and stick model Space filling model

Intermolecular attractions
Attractions between molecules
van der Waals forces Weak attractive forces between non-polar molecules Hydrogen bonding Strong attraction between special polar molecules

van der Waals

Non-polar molecules can exist in liquid and solid phases
because van der Waals forces keep the molecules attracted to each other

Exist between CO2, CH4, CCl4, CF4, diatomics and monoatomics

van der Waals periodicity

increase with molecular mass. Greater van der Waals force?
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

increase with closer distance between molecules

Decreases when particles are farther away

Hydrogen Bonding
Strong polar attraction
Like magnets

Occurs ONLY between H of one molecule and N, O, F of another H bond

Why does H bonding occur?

Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine
small atoms with strong nuclear charges
powerful atoms

very high electronegativities

Intermolecular forces dictate chemical properties

Strong intermolecular forces cause high b.p., m.p. and slow evaporation (low vapor pressure) of a substance.

Which substance has the highest boiling point?

HF NH3 H2O
WHY?
Fluorine has the highest e-neg, SO HF will experience the

strongest H bonding and

needs the most energy to weaken the i.m.f. and boil

The Unusual Properties of Water

Unusually high boiling point
Compared to other compounds in Group 16

Density????

 The hydrogen bonding in water(l) molecules is random. The molecules are closely packed.
The hydrogen bonding in water(s) molecules has a specific open lattice pattern. The molecules are farther apart.

H2O(s) is less dense than H2O(l)

The End