Pendahuluan
Pada kuliah pertama, Dosen wajib memberitahukan:
a) Rencana Pembelajaran b) Daftar buku acuan (buku teks / referensi) yang digunakan c) Tata tertib Perkuliahan dan Sistem penilaian dan (serta) pembobotan masing-masing komponen penilaian yang digunakan d) Ada atau tidaknya kuis (ujian-ujian kecil) e) Tata tertib dan peraturan yang berlaku di Universitas Trisakti f) Bahaya penyalahgunaan Narkoba dan sanksinya g) Menunjuk salah seorang mahasiswa peserta mata kuliah tersebut sebagai ketua kelas.
Kuliah, Asistensi / Responsi dan Praktikum harus dilaksanakan tepat waktu sesuai dengan jadwal. Mahasiswa diwajibkan hadir mengikuti Kuliah, Asistensi / Responsi dan Praktikum sesuai dengan yang tercantum dalam Kartu Rencana Studi masing-masing. Kehadiran mahasiswa dicatat dalam daftar hadir mahasiswa.
Apabila Dosen melalaikan kewajibankewajiban tersebut di atas (memberikan kuliah kurang dari 70% tatap muka terjadwal dalam satu semester), pimpinan fakultas/Program Studi dapat memberikan teguran/peringatan dan sanksi mulai dari yang ringan sampai dengan yang berat (dalam bentuk pemberhentian).
Mahasiswa diwajibkan hadir minimal 70 % dari jumlah tatap muka. Petugas administrasi perkuliahan akan menghitung jumlah kehadiran tiap mahasiswa yang digunakan sebagai prasyarat untuk dapat mengikuti Ujian Akhir Semester.
4. Kesetaraan jam perkuliahan dengan bobot sks. Sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Trisakti, maka tabel berikut memberi pedoman untuk mengatur jam masing-masing jenis perkuliahan dalam hubungannya dengan bobot sks mata kuliah yang bersangkutan dalam satu semester.
Rentang Nilai
0 100
% Bobot
5 - 30 %
Keterangan : Dalam sistem SKS, komponen penilaian harus termasuk didalamnya tugas terstruktur. Untuk memperoleh nilai akhir maka jumlah nilai angka dikonversi menjadi nilai huruf.
EHB lanjutan
b. Evaluasi kegiatan terstruktur Selain ujian-ujian tersebut di atas terdapat kegiatan-kegiatan terstruktur lain yang berbentuk: 1). Penulisan karangan ilmiah/ makalah 2). Pekerjaan rumah/ tugas/ kuis 3). Partisipasi aktif dalam kelas 4). Presentasi dan sebagainya
LECTURE MATERIALS
1. INTRODUCTION (1X)
a. b. c. Definition Geophysical Methods and their main applications Level of Geophysical Investigation
2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
MAGNETIC (1X)
a. General Application of Magnetic Data
RESISTIVITY (1X)
a. b. Resistivity Data Application for Geothermal Resistivity Data Application for ground water and environment
7.
PUSTAKA
1. Abriel, William L.; 2008: Reservoir Geophysics: Applications ; Distinguished Instructor Series, No. 11. SEG & EAGE. 2. Brown, 1998, Interpretation of 3-D Seismic Data. 3. Calvert, Rodney; 2008: Insights and Methods for Reservoir 4D Reservoir Monitoring and Characterization; Distinguished Instructor Series, No. 8. SEG & EAGE. 4. Dobrin, MB, 1980, Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting,2nd, McGraw-Hill Book Company. 5. Gibson, R. I. (1998): Gravity and Magnetics in Oil Exploration: A Historical Perspective, in Gibson, R.I., Millegan, P.S. Eds., Geologic Applications of Gravity and Magnetics: Case Histories; SEG Geophysical References Series, No 8, AAPG Studies in Geology, No. 43; Published Jointly by SEG and AAPG, Tulsa, USA. 6. Link, 1992, Basic Petroleum Geology.
PUSTAKA
7. Magoon, L.B.; Dow, W.G., 1994: The Petroleum System From Source to Trap; AAPG Memoir 60; Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. 8. McConnell, D., Steer, D., Knight, C., Owens, K., Park, L., 2008; The Good Earth; Mc Graw Hill. 9. Reynolds, John, M.; 1997; An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics; John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 10. Sharma, PV, 1990, Geophysical Methods in Geology, 2nd, Elsevier. 11. Sheriff, RE, 1995, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics, 3th ed, SEG. 7. Sheriff, R.E, Geldart, L.P., 1995; Exploration Seismology, 2nd Edition; Cambridge University Press. 8. Sheriff, R.E. (ed.); 1994; Reservoir Geophysics; Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa Oklahoma 9. Telford, WM., Geldart, LPm, Sherriff, RE., 1990, Applied Geophysics, 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press.
PENDAHULUAN
Apa itu GEOFISIKA ? Mengapa GEOFISIKA perlu dikuliahkan ? Bagaimana cara mempelajarinya ? Dimana dan kapan dipergunakan ?
PENDAHULUAN
Geofisika dapat dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) :
Ilmu teori (science). : ilmu yang mempelajari sifatsifat fisika dari bumi. Ilmu terapan (applied) : penerapan prinsip-prinsip fisika untuk mempelajari bumi
Geofisika mempelajari :
pengenalan ilmu geofisika dan metode geofisika secara umum. Pembahasan teori yang sudah dibuktikan kebenarannya, data dan metode geofisika
Geologi:
Geologi meliputi/ mempelajari bumi melalui observasi batuan , lewat permukaan dan lubang bor, dan menyimpulkan tentang strukturnya, komposisinya, sejarahnya melalui analisis dari observasi tersebut
Geofisika:
Geofisika menggunakan perhitungan fisika dalam menafsirkan sesuatu yang berguna untuk memberikan informasi tentang struktur, komposisi, dll dari segala sesuatu yang tersembunyi (sumber daya alam). Note :Salah satu perbedaan utama yang membedakan Geofisika dengan Geologi, adalah dalam tipe data yang dihasilkan.
DEFINITIONS Geophysics:
The study of the earth by quantitative physical methods, especially by seismic reflection and refraction, gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, and radioactivity methods (Sheriff, 1999).
To avoid of confusion, the use of physics to study the interior of the earth, from land surface to the inner core, is known as Solid Earth Geophysics. This can be subdivided further into Global Geophysics, which is the study of the whole or substantial parts of the planet, and Applied Geophysics which is concerned with investigating the Earths crust and near-surface to achieve a practical and, more often than not, an economic aim (Reynolds, 1997).
Engineering Geophysics:
The application of Geophysical Methods to the investigation of sub-surface materials structures which are likely to have (significant) engineering application.
Environmental Geophysics:
As the range of application of geophysics methods has increase, particularly with respect to contaminated land investigation, the sub-discipline of environmental geophysics has developed (Greenhouse, 1991; Steeples, 1991), This can be defined as being: The application of geophysical methods to the investigation of near-surface physico-chemical phenomena which are likely to have (significant) implication for the management of the local environment
Frequently used of geophysical methods for surface recording and typical application
Geophysical method Seismology Physical property measured Seismic wave velocity, seismic impedance contrast, attenuation, anisotropy Rock density contrast Typical applications Comment on applicability Exploration seismology is the most widely used geophysical method in petroleum exploration.
Gravity Surveys
Reconnaissance of large-scale density anomalies in petroleum and mineral exploration Reconnaissance of the crustal magnetic properties, especially for determination of basement features Mineral exploration
Gravity survey are generally less expensive but have less resolving power than seismic exploration. Aeromagnetic surveys are widely used in both petroleum and mining application for determining large, deep structure. These methods are used most frequently in mining exploration and well logging (resistivity, SP, and induction log)
(Lines and Newrick, 2004)
Magnetic Surveys
Geophysical methods
Gravity Magnetic Seismic Refraction Seismic Reflection Resistivity Spontaneous Potential Induced Polarization Electromagnetic (EM) EM - VLF
Permitivity, conductivity
Resistivity
P= primary method; S=secondary method; U=unsuitable M=may be used but not necessarily the best approach, or has not been developed for this application
(Reynolds, 1997)
Applications: 1 Hydrocarbon exploration (coal, gas, oil) 2 Regional Geological study (over areas of 100s of km2) 3 Exploration/development of mineral deposit 4 Engineering site investigations 5 Hydrogeological investigations
6 7 8 9 10
Detection of sub-surface cavities Mapping of leachate and contaminant plumes Location and definition of buried metallic objects Archaeological geophysics Forensic geophysics
1st
2nd
3rd
PLAY PROSPECT
4th
SEDIMENTARY BASIN PETROLEUM SYSTEM EXPLORATION PLAY PROSPECT DELINEATION DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION PHASE
EXPLORATION PHASE
30
Risk
Engineering
Economic Analysis
Optimization
Volumetric
After Schneidermann & Robert M. Otis, IPA 1997
Sedimentary basins, petroleum systems, plays, and prospect can be view as separate levels of investigation, all of which are needed to better understand the genesis and habitat of hydrocarbons.
Sedimentary basin investigations emphasize the stratigraphic sequence and structural style of sedimentary rocks. Petroleum system study describe the genetic relationship between a pod of active source rock and the resulting oil and gas accumulations. Investigation of play describe the present-day geologic similarity of a series of present-day traps. Study of prospects describe the individual present-day trap