The Internet

9.1:Introduction 9.2:IP datagrams 9.3:Fragmentation and reassembly 9.4:IP address 9.5:ARP and RARP 9.6:Routing algorithms 9.7:ICMP 9.8:QOS support 9.9:The PPP link layer protocol 9.10:IPv6 9.11:IPv6/IPv4 interoperability

9.1:Introduction

Terminology
Gateway and routers Internet Protocol-host id and net id IP datagram-consists of source and destination address together with indication of UDP/TCP. Routing table Payload

MTU => maximum transmission unit ARP:address resolution protocol OSPF:open shortest path first ICMP:internet control message protocol IGMP:internet group management protocol

9.2:IP datagrams

IP datagram
Version-4-bits-tells the version of the IP IHL-tells actual length of the header in multiple of 32 bits TOS-allows an application protocol or process to specify the relative priority of the application data. Total length-defines total length of the ip datagram including header and payload. Identification-enable destination host to relate each received packet fragment to same original datagram

 Flag bits-D indicates packet should be transferred entirely or not. M bits-more fragments during reassembly Fragment offset is used to indicate the position of first byte in a fragment. Time-to-live-defines a maximum time for which a packet can be transit over a internet. Protocol field Options include security, source routing, loose source routing, route recording etc.

9.3:Fragmentation and reassembly

If the size of a packet is greater than the MTU => router or gateway divides the information received in the packet into a number of smaller blocks knows as fragments Fig 9.4

9.4:IP address
Address class

 An address with a hostid of all 0s is used to refer to the network in the netid part rather than a host An address with a netid of all 0s implies the same network as the source network/netid An address of all 1s means broadcast the packet over the source network An address with a hostid of all 1s means broadcast the packet over the destination network in the netid part A class A address with a netid of all 1s is used for test purposes within the protocol stack of the source host.It is loopback address

9.4.1:Subnets

9.5:ARP and RARP

9.5.1: ARP
Each host are two address :IP address and its MAC address which, since it is assign to the MAC integrated circuit when it is manufactured, is known also as the physical address Fig 9.7

9.5.2: RARP

9.5.3:ARP/RARP message formats and transmission