1

Data Communications and Transmission Systems

(EN0214) Lecture 3
Dr. MICHAEL ELSDON
Room: Ellison Building E406
E-mail: michael.elsdon@unn.ac.uk
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
(part 2)
2
Power in Carrier =
Power in sidebands =
2
2
2
2
c c
E E
= |
.
|

\
|
4
2 2
2
2
2
2
c c
E m mE
= |
.
|

\
|
2
c
mE
m
f
m
E
) (
m c
f f c
f
c
E
2
c
mE
) (
m c
f f +
f
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Power in Full AM

3
Power in Each Component

The power of each component is determined using:
( )
R
V
R
V
R
V
P
pk
pk
rms
2
2
2
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
Power in Carrier:
R
E
P
c
c
2
2
=
4
( )
c
c
c
SB
P
m
R
E m
R
E
m
P
4 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
Power in sideband:
c SB
P
m
P
4
2
=
5
Example
If a full AM signal has the following properties:.
Carrier amplitude, E
C
= 30V pk
Modulation Index, m =66.7%
Effective Impedance, R = 50
W
V
R
E
P
pk
c
c
9
) 50 )( 2 (
) 30 (
2
2 2
= = =
Power in Carrier:
Power in Sidebands:
W P
m
P P
c USB LSB
1 9
4
) 667 . 0 (
4
2 2
= = = =
Total Power = P
c
+ P
LSB
+ P
USB
= 9W+1W+1W = 11W
6

Most of the power is transmitted in the carrier.

Power sent in the carrier contains no useful information.

Each sideband carries the information independently.
Total Power
= P
c
+ P
LSB
+ P
USB

= 9W+1W+1W = 11W
7
Question:
Why transmit the carrier ?
It doesnt contain any useful information about the
message signal and it wastes power.
Alternative:
Do not transmit the carrier, this is known as
Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
8
How is DSBSC Achieved ?
Obvious way:
Remove the carrier from the full AM signal before transmission

A more direct method:
In practical situations DSBSC is directly achieved by multiplying the
carrier and baseband signal together in a balanced modulator.

V
DSBSC
= V
m
x V
c
V
DSBSC
= V
AM
- V
c
9
Example
Let us assume the baseband signal and the carrier signal are
both single frequency sinusoids.
Carrier
Baseband
( ) t E V
c c c
e = cos
( ) t E V
m m m
e = cos
( ) )] cos( ][ cos [ t E t E V
c c m m DSBSC
e e =
V
DSBSC
= V
m
x V
c
10
( ) ) cos(
2
1
cos
2
1
) cos( ) cos( b a b a b a + + =
( ) ( ) | | t t
E E
v
m c m c
c m
DSBSC
e + e + e e = cos cos
2
Using the following trigonometric identity:
Gives:
*Important Formula
Sideband amplitude
Lower sideband
frequency
Upper sideband
frequency
11
( ) ( ) | | t t
E E
v
m c m c
c m
DSBSC
e + e + e e = cos cos
2
DSBSC:
( ) t
mE
t
mE
t E v
m c
c
m c
c
c c am
) cos(
2
) cos(
2
cos e e e e e + + + =
Full AM:
Comparing Full AM and DSBSC expressions
Carrier is no longer present in DSBSC.
Less power is used.
12
Frequency Spectrum of DSBSC
2
c m
E E
m
f
m
E
) (
m c
f f
c
f
2
c m
E E
) (
m c
f f +
f
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

13
Frequency Spectrum of a Practical System
A
m
p
l
.

B
f
c
0 f
c
-B

f
c
+B

f

Upper Sideband
(USB)
Lower Sideband
(LSB)
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
c
-f
1
f
c
-f
2
f
c
-f
3
f
c
+f
2
f
c
+f
1
f
c
+f
3
14
Single Side-band
Modulation
(SSB)
15
Single Sideband Modulation
The Final Simplification
What does it involve ?
Transmitting only one sideband
Why is this possible ?
Because the both sidebands contain the same information
about the original message.
What is the advantage of this ?
It saves power and bandwidth
16
How is SSB Achieved ?
The simplest way to achieve SSB is to take a DSBSC and
use a filter to remove one sideband.
2
c m
E E
) (
m c
f f
c
f
2
c m
E E
) (
m c
f f +
f
A

FILTER
NOTE: You could also choose to filter off the USB instead of the LSB
17
Example
Let us assume the baseband signal and the carrier signal are
both single frequency sinusoids.
Carrier
Baseband
( ) t E V
c c c
e = cos
( ) t E V
m m m
e = cos
( ) | | t
E E
v
m c
c m
SSB
e e = cos
2
If LSB is transmitted:
If USB is transmitted:
( ) | | t
E E
v
m c
c m
SSB
e e + = cos
2
*Important
Formula
*Important
Formula
18
( ) ( ) | | t t
E E
v
m c m c
c m
DSBSC
e + e + e e = cos cos
2
SSB:
DSBSC:
Comparing DSBSC and SSB
Only one sideband is present in SSB.
Power and Bandwidth are halved.
( ) | | t
E E
v
m c
c m
SSB
e e = cos
2
19
Key Points To Remember
Formulas for Power in Carrier and Sideband of Full AM
Disadvantage of Full AM
How to determine and sketch frequency spectrum of DSBSC
How to determine the bandwidth of DSBSC
Disadvantage of DSBSC
How to determine and sketch frequency spectrum of SSB
Pay particular attention to examples



20
Summary of Amplitude Modulation
Techniques
21
Summary
There are 3 types of Amplitude Modulation:
Full Amplitude Modulation
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
Single Sideband (SSB)
( ) t E V
c c c
e = cos
( ) t E V
m m m
e = cos
The expressions for a single sinusoid baseband and single
sinusoid carrier are shown below:
Carrier
(Original) Baseband
22
( ) t
mE
t
mE
t E v
m c
c
m c
c
c c am
) cos(
2
) cos(
2
cos e e e e e + + + =
Full AM
The expression for Full AM is given by:
where m is the modulation factor, and is given by:
c
c
E
E E
m

=
max
m=E
m
/E
c
or
23
Full AM
The ratio of power in sidebands to total power is:
2 2
2
2
2
4
2
_ _
_
m
E m
E
power f req side
power carrier
c
c
= =
Major disadvantages of Full AM
A lot of power is wasted in the carrier as it contains no useful
information about the original message.
24
DSBSC
The expression for DSBSC is given by:
( ) ( ) | | t t
E E
v
m c m c
c m
DSBSC
e + e + e e = cos cos
2
Advantage:
Carrier is no longer present in DSBSC, therefore less
power is used.
Disadvantage:
It wastes bandwidth because both sidebands contain the same
information about the original message.
25
SSB
The expression for SSB is given by:
Advantage:
It uses less bandwidth and less power than both Full AM and
DSBSC.
( ) | | t
E E
v
m c
c m
SSB
e e = cos
2
26
2006 Exam Question
A carrier has an amplitude of 5 V and its frequency is 1 MHz. It is modulated by an
8 KHz signal and the modulation index is 0.6.
a) Write down the expression for a double-sideband amplitude modulation (DSB-
AM) modulated signal; (4 marks)
b) Write down the expression for a double-sideband suppressed-carrier amplitude
modulation (DSB-SC-AM) modulated signal; (4 marks)
c) Write down the expression for a single-sideband amplitude modulation (SSB-
AM) modulated signal;
(4 marks)
d) Sketch the frequency spectrums for the above modulated signals, respectively;
(4 marks)
e) For the DSB-AM modulated signal, determine the ratio of power in two sidebands
to total power. (4 marks)

27
A carrier has an amplitude of 5 V and its frequency is 1 MHz. It is
modulated by an 8 KHz signal and the modulation index is 0.6.
a) Write down the expression for a double-sideband amplitude
modulation (DSB-AM) modulated signal;
(4 marks)
( ) ) 10 * 992 . 0 * 2 cos( 5 . 1 10 * 2 cos 5
6 6
t t v
am
t t + =
( ) t
mE
t
mE
t E v
m c
c
m c
c
c c am
) cos(
2
) cos(
2
cos e e e e e + + + =
) 10 * 008 . 1 * 2 cos( 5 . 1
6
t t +
28
A carrier has an amplitude of 5 V and its frequency is 1 MHz. It is modulated by an
8 KHz signal and the modulation index is 0.6.
b) Write down the expression for a double-sideband suppressed-carrier amplitude
modulation (DSB-SC-AM) modulated signal; (4 marks)
( ) )] cos( ][ cos [ t E t E V
c c m m DSBSC
e e =
( ) ( ) | | t t mE v
c m c DSBSC
e e cos cos
2
=
( ) ( ) | | t f f t f f
mE
v
m c m c
c
DSBSC
+ + = cos cos
2
2
( ) ( ) | | t t v
DSBSC
6 6
10 * 008 . 1 * 2 cos 10 * 992 . 0 * 2 cos 5 . 7 t t + =
29
A carrier has an amplitude of 5 V and its frequency is 1 MHz. It is modulated by an
8 KHz signal and the modulation index is 0.6.
c) Write down the expression for a single-sideband amplitude
modulation (SSB-AM) modulated signal; (4 marks)
( ) t v
DSBSC
6
10 * 992 . 0 * 2 cos 5 . 7 t =
( ) t v
DSBSC
6
10 * 008 . 1 * 2 cos 5 . 7 t =
( ) ( ) | | t t v
DSBSC
6 6
10 * 008 . 1 * 2 cos 10 * 992 . 0 * 2 cos 5 . 7 t t + =
OR
30
A carrier has an amplitude of 5 V and its frequency is 1 MHz. It is modulated by an
8 KHz signal and the modulation index is 0.6.
d) Sketch the frequency spectrums for the above modulated signals, respectively;
e) For the DSB-AM modulated signal, determine the ratio of power in two
sidebands to total power.

2
5 . 0
c
E
| |
2
) 5 . 0 ( * 5 . 0 * 2
c
mE
15 . 0
5 . 0 1
5 . 0
2
2
=
+ m
m
Power in Carrier
Power in both sidebands
Ratio