Cement Replacement Materials

Concrete Technology

Learning Outcome

To evaluate the properties of concrete

constituent materials.

What are cement replacement materials?

Cement replacement materials (CRM) are some

kind of mineral admixtures.

Mineral admixtures are finely divided siliceous materials which are added to concrete in relatively large amounts, generally in the range 20 to 70 percent by mass of the total cementitious material.

Why CRM?
The concrete industry is the largest

consumer of virgin materials such as sand, gravel, crushed rock, and fresh water. It is consuming Portland and modified Portland cements at an annual rate of about 1.6 billion metric tons. The cement production consumes vast amounts of limestone and clay besides being energy-intensive.

Why CRM?
Obviously, large amounts of energy and materials, in

addition to financial resources, are wasted when structures deteriorate or fail prematurely which, in fact, has been the case with many recently built reinforced concrete bridge decks, parking garages, and marine structures throughout the world. Traditionally, most concrete structures are designed for a service life of 50 years. With the advent of high-performance concrete mixtures, some structures are now being designed and built for a service life of 100 years.

Why CRM?
In the long run, sustainable development of the

concrete industry will not take place until we are able to make even more dramatic improvements in our resource productivity. In this context, it should be noted that the Factor Ten Club, a group of scientists, economists and business people have made a declaration that, within one generation, nations can achieve a tenfold increase in their resource productivity through a 90% reduction in the use of energy and materials.

Major effects of CRM on properties of concrete

Types and Classification

Natural materials

Natural materials have been processed for the sole purpose of producing a pozzolan. Processing usually involves crushing, grinding, and size separation; in some cases it may also involve thermal activation.

Types and Classification

Industrial by-products

By-product materials are not the primary products of the industry producing them. Industrial byproducts may or may not require any processing. Some of the byproducts are: Fly ash (pulverized fuel ash) FA or PFA is the ash from pulverized coal used to fire in power stations Ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs); slag from scum formed in iron smelting in a blast furnace, ground to a powder Condensed silica fume; sometimes called micro-silica; very fine particles of silica condensed from waste gases given off in production of silicon metal

Types and Classification

Natural Pozzolan

Except diatomaceous earth, all natural pozzolan are derived from volcanic rocks and minerals. During explosive volcanic eruptions quick cooling of the magma, which is composed mainly of aluminosilicates results in the formation of glass or vitreous phases with disordered structure.
Agricultural wastes

Rice husk ask Oil palm ash

What does it mean by pozzolanic materials?

A pozzolanic material is one which contains active silica (SiO2) and is not cementitious in it but will, in a finely divided form and in presence of moisture, chemically reacts with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form cementitious compounds Pozzolanic reaction (Secondary reaction) S + CH + H C - S - H

Pozzolanic Reactivity Index

The applicability of pozzolanic materials used

as admixtures in cement technology is determined by the so-called pozzolanic activity. This pozzolanic activity is strongly related to the amount of active components, such as SiO2 and Al2O3 available in reaction with calcium hydroxide formed as a result of calcium silicate hydrolysis .

Pozzolanic Reactivity Index

The calcium silicates, as it is commonly known, are

the main constituents of Portland cement. Pozzolanic activity of materials depends generally on the active silica content. In cement paste this active silica dissolves and precipitates in the form of calcium silicate hydrate, socalled CSH phase. Thus the calcium hydroxide content in cement paste decreases, as a result of calcium ions consumption by additional silica. Cement pastes produced with pozzolanic admixtures show fairly good strength, long-term durability and corrosion resistance.

Determination of pozzolanic reactivity index

Direct Methods

They are based on the measurement of the amount of lime reacted

Compressive strength Thermal method Accelerated chemical method

Conductometric technique

Indirect Method

Fly Ash, FA

Fly Ash: Classification

Low Calcium Fly Ash

High Calcium Fly Ash

Fly Ash Microstructure

Fly Ash Particle Size

Ground granulated blast furnace slag, GGBS

Ground granulated blast furnace slag, GGBS

Silica fume

Silica fume

Rice husk ash, RHA

Rice husk ash, RHA

Metakaolin

Thank You