may not completely explain the nature of life, but they at least provide the essential framework for such an explanation. • All students of life science must have a fundamental understanding of organic chemistry and biochemistry. Organic Chemistry • Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon compounds. • Organic compounds are compounds composed primarily of a Carbon skeleton. • All living things are composed of organic compounds. Polymers ands Monomers • Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers. • Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of monomer. Monomers Macromolecule Monomer Carbohydrates Monosaccharide
Lipids Not always polymers;
Hydrocarbon chains Proteins Amino acids
Nucleic acids Nucleotides
How do monomers form polymers? • In condensation reactions (also called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together. Hydrolysis • In a reaction opposite to condensation, a water molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer in two. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1. • Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things. • The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose. Carbohydrates • What do the roots • mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly mean? • Each of these roots can be added to the word saccharide to describe the type of carbohydrate you have. How do two monosaccharides combine to make a polysaccharide? • Polysaccharides Lipids • Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolar. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat • Proteins • Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make (we will talk about this in great detail in a month or so). • A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis. Levels of Protein Structure • Protein Structure Level Description Primary The amino acid sequence Helices and Sheets Secondary Disulfide bridges Tertiary Multiple polypeptides Quaternary connect Life, Cells, and Thermodynamics •Biochemistry = Chemistry of life •Combination of Chemistry and biology •The study of structure and interactions of molecules and atoms; Also the biology – structure and interactions of cells and organisms •Uses physical and chemical principles to explain biology at the molecular level • Requires sophisticated instruments for dissect – spectrophotometer, chromatography •Reveals the workings of natural world •Understanding the diseases and mechanisms Important Compounds and Functional Groups Cellular Architecture • Cellular components • Prokaryotes and eukaryotes • Common cellular organization: Organelle – Membrane - Cell – Tissue – Organ - Organism • Components of life: Amino acid (a.a.), Carbohydrate, Nucleic acid, Fatty acid Prokaryote and Eukaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Structure Peptidoglycan Extracellular matrix; Cytoskeleton to maintain structure Membrane 45%:55% 50: 50 lipid: lipid:protein. protein. Enzyme embedded Nuclear No nucleus With nucleus Ribosome 50S and 30S = 60S and 40S = 70S 80S Organelles Absence of Presence of organelles organelles Extra 3000 to 6000 Larger size, components more than 10000 components Prokaryote and Eukaryote
Prokaryote and eukaryote cell structure from Wikipedia
Prokaryote and eukaryote cell structure from Wikipedia
Biological Structure and Interactions • Van der Waals interactions • Hydrogen bonds • Ionic bonds • Hydrophobic interactions References • Wikipedia • Biochemistry The Molecular of Basis of Life 3rd Edition. Trudy McKee and James R. McKee, McGraw-Hill. • Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd Edition. Voet et al. Pratt. Wiley.