GSM AND CDMA PRINCIPLES, SERVICES & APPLICATIONS

July 13

What is Tele-Communication ?
Tele means DISTANCE and Communication means INFORMATION TRANSFER So transfer of information between two or more entities which may be far apart is called as Tele-Communication

July 13

Types of Communication technology.

There are two main types of communication technologies Guided which is commonly Wireline Unguided which in the open media/space-Wireless

July 13

Communication Path
Wireline
Physical layout of wires or optical fiber cables between entities . A physical contact is essential between the peer entities for communication

Wireless
NO Physical connectivity is required . Communication is done through radio links ( Electro Magnetic Waves ) and repeaters ( CELL SITES) are placed in between peer entities for efficient communication

July 13

What does one expects from Wireless ?

Lower cost Roaming Better service and coverage NO dropped calls Enhanced Privacy NO Speech Clipping NO Echo

July 13

Wireless
It is type of communication technology where electromagnetic waves carry the signal (voice and data) on whole or part of communication path. Wireless telecommunication involves converting an audio signal into a Frequency (RF) signal and broadcasting it using radiating devices called antennas.
July 13 6

First Generation

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (79) & US (83) 800 MHz band two 20 MHz bands Still widely used in US and many parts of the world

Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)

Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland Launched 1981; now largely retired 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)

Total Access Communications System (TACS)

British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985 Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe
July 13 7

Second Generation 2G
Digital systems Leverage technology to increase capacity Speech compression; digital signal processing Utilize/extend Intelligent Network concepts Improve fraud prevention Add new services There are a wide diversity of 2G systems IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan) iDEN DECT and PHS IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne) GSM
July 13 8

GSM
Groupe Special Mobile , later changed to Global System for Mobile
Joint European effort beginning in 1982 Focus on seamless roaming across Europe

Services launched 1991

Time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz) 900 MHz band; later extended to 9 1800MHz

July 13

GSM is dominant world standard today Well defined interfaces; many competitors Network effect (Metcalfes law) took hold in late 1990s Tri-band GSM phone can roam the world today

July 13

10

COMPONENTS OF WIRELESS
Main Switching Center (MSC) Cell Site Cells Hand set

July 13

11

Main Switching Center ( MSC)

The center where the wireless switch is situated is called of main switching center. All the call are first come to msc then they are then routed to their respective handsets through cell sites locating the shortest path to the respective handset.

July 13

12

CELL SITE
A Cell site contains a BTS(Base transreceiver system ) which manages, sends, and receives traffic from the mobiles in its geographical area to a cellular telephone switch. It also employs a tower which has antennas, and provides a microwave link to the distant cellular switch called MSC and Handset
July 13 13

Base Trans-Receiver System (BTS)

The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station It is physical system which is installed with cell site. It has Receiver , Transmitter and Power back up. It receives signal and add strength to the signals thus repeating the signal to its original form and transmitting it again to next entity which may be cell site or hand set

July 13

14

CELL
CELL is the geographical area covered by a cell site . All the receivers ( handsets) in this particular area respond to this cell site i.e. they receives and transmits signal to a particular cell only

July 13

15

Techniques Used in Wireless

Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

July 13

16

G.S.M.
GSM is an international standard ensuring that the same mobile telephony system is used in as many countries as possible all over the world. This makes it possible to use the same mobile phone in different locations worldwide. GSM employs TDMA + FDMA Technique

July 13

17

FEATURES
Already deployed as a worldwide standard National/International roaming Voice quality comparable to wire line SIM(Subscriber identity Module) Facility

July 13

18

FDMA
In Frequency Division Multiple Access, the frequency band is divided in slots. Each user gets one frequency slot assigned that is used at will. It could be compared to AM or FM broadcasting radio where each station has a frequency assigned.

July 13

19

Frequency Division Multiple Access

FDMA

Frequency

Time

July 13

20

TDMA
In Time Division Multiple Access, the frequency band is not partitioned but users are allowed to use it only in predefined intervals of time, one at a time. Each caller is assigned a specific time slot for transmission

July 13

21

Time Division Multiple Access

TDMA

Tim

q Fre

n ue

cy

July 13

22

CELL STRUCTURE AND FREQUENCY ALLOCATION

July 13

23

A frequency (channel) can be used again within an FDMA or TDMA network, but cells using the same frequency must be separated by an appropriate distance. Adjacent cells must be assigned a different set of frequencies. For example, a cell using frequency A must not be adjacent to another cell using frequency A.

July 13

24

How GSM works ?

It works on the principle of FDMA + TDMA This means the bandwidth allotted is firstly divided accordingly cell i.e. each cell region works on different frequency allotted to it and each cell frequency is different from the adjacent cells. This is FDMA
July 13 25

T.D.M.A
So each cell works at a particular frequency and now this frequency is divided in time slots ie each user is given a specified time in which data of that respective user is transferred . This is TDMA

July 13

26

GPRS 2.5G for GSM

General packet radio service
First introduction of packet technology

Aggregate radio channels

Support higher data rates (115 kbps) Subject to channel availability

Share aggregate channels among multiple users All new IP-based data infrastructure No changes to voice network July 13 27

EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution Increased data rates with GSM compatibility
Still 200 KHz bands; still TDMA 8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rate Shorter range (more sensitive to noise/interference)

GAIT GSM/ANSI-136 interoperability team

Allows IS-136 TDMA operators to migrate to EDGE New GSM/ EDGE radios but evolved ANSI-41 core network

July 13

28

3G Partnership Project (3GPP)

3GPP defining migration from GSM to UMTS (W-CDMA)
Core network evolves from GSM-only to support GSM, GPRS and new W-CDMA facilities

3GPP Release 99 -Adds 3G radios 3GPP Release 4

Adds softswitch/ voice gateways and packet core

3GPP Release 5
First IP Multimedia Services (IMS) w/ SIP & QoS

3GPP Release 6
All IP network; contents of r6 still being defined
July 13 29

3GPP Rel.6 Objectives

IP Multimedia Services, phase 2
IMS messaging and group management

Wireless LAN interworking Speech enabled services

Distributed speech recognition (DSR)

Number portability Other enhancements Scope and definition in progress

July 13 30

CDMA
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS Code Division means the voice analog signal is converted into its corresponding digital signal but this digital signal is accordingly a unique code assigned to that user.

July 13

31

MULTIPLE ACCESS
Multiple Access means the same frequency range i.e. bandwidth is used by all the users But there is no interference between the users because each user is is talking to its respective counterpart in a unique code assigned to it which is different from the other users
July 13 32

modulation and access system that employs signature codes (rather than time slots or frequency bands) to arrange simultaneous and continuous access to a network by multiple users.

July 13

33

SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUE

July 13

34

C.D.M.A
CDMA works on the principle SPREAD SPECTRUM Technique, which means that it spreads the information contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original signal i.e. large range of frequencies are used for information transfer

July 13

35

Due to Spread Spectrum Technique

Capacity increses of 8-10 times that of gsm system Improved call quality,with better and more consistent sound . Simplified system planning through the use of same frequency in every sector of cell Enhanced privacy Improved coverage
July 13 36

Cell Structure & Frequency allocation of CDMA

July 13

37

Each CELL-SITE in a CDMA network can use all available frequencies. Adjacent Cells can transmit at the same frequency because users are separated by Code Channels

July 13

38

GSM/CDMA-Comparison
GSM Works on TDMA +FDMA Different cell works on different frequencies Due to change in frequency from one cell to another complex hand off Due to Complex procedure Call interference is more likely
July 13

CDMA Works on CDMA with Spread Spectrum Technique Universal frequency use
Soft Handoff tech leads to lower call drops

Rake receiver technology leads low call interference and .

39

Hands-Off
Handoff is the process of transferring a call from one cell to another. This is necessary to continue the call as the phone travels.

July 13

40

Hands-Off in GSM
TDMA and FDMA systems use a hard handoff when the mobile is moving from one cell site to another. These technologies do not allow for any type of make-before-break handoff. A hard handoff can increase the likelihood of a dropped call. A hard handoff requires the mobile to break the connection with the old BTS prior to making the connection with the new one. Hard handoffs are also called Break-Before-Make
July 13 41

Hard Hand-Off Break before Make

July 13

42

CDMA
Soft Hands-Off Make before Break

July 13

43

July 13

44

Call Interference leads to Disturbance ,Low Speech,Echo

Signals sent over the air can take a direct path to the receiver, or they can bounce off objects and then travel to the receiver. These different paths, called multi-paths, can result in the receiver getting several versions of the same signal but at slightly different times. Multi-paths can cause a loss of signal through cancellation in other technologies
July 13 45

RECEIVERS-GSM
When a signal travels to a handset through different paths ,in GSM handset ,it will pick the first signal reaching to it, no matter how weak that signal is. Thus leading to Call Disturbance, Low Speech and some times Echo

July 13

46

Rake Receiver in CDMA

CDMA's rake receiver is multiple receivers in one. The rake receiver identifies the three strongest multi-path signals and combines them to produce one very strong signal. The rake receiver therefore uses multi path to reduce the power the transmitter must send. Both the MOBILE and the CELL SITES use rake receivers
July 13 47

RAKE RECEIVER

July 13

48

Power Adjustments
If all mobiles transmitted at the same power level, the base station would receive unnecessarily strong signals from mobiles nearby and extremely weak signals from mobiles that are far away. This would reduce the capacity of the system. This problem is called the NEAR-FAR problem
July 13 49

July 13

50

Power Adjustment in CDMA

Power control is a CDMA feature that enables mobiles to adjust the power at which they transmit. This ensures that the base station receives all signals at the appropriate power. The CDMA network independently controls the power at which each mobile transmits. Both forward and reverse links use power control techniques.
July 13 51

July 13

52

CDMA technology has numerous advantages including

Coverage Capacity Clarity Cost Compatibility

July 13

53