Applied Thermodynamics 3

General Introduction

Notes

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Applied Thermodynamics

Heat energy -> Work System Properties Cyclic

Heat Engine cycle

Carnot Constant pressure Air standard Mean effective pressure

Reversible and irreversible processes

G G Gas GG G a Piston a aasa Vacuum s s s s sa

Gas on the left hand side expands irreversibly if piston is released

Gas G G G G G a G as aaa a s s s s s Gas

Gas on the left hand side expands reversibly if gas on right hand side is slowly let out

Piston

Work performed by LHS gas

Irreversible: No force apposes expansion: Work = 0J

Reversible: Pressure, nearly equal to the pressure of the gas (slightly less), apposes the expansion. For a small piston distance movement dx: Work = F dx = F / A dV = p dV dW = p dv W = 1 2 p dv But A dx = dV => dx=dV / A dividing left and right by mass: W = work per unit mass v = specific volume = V/m = 1/ Total work per unit mass performed by gas

Relationships between p and v

We have W = 1 2 p dv If the gas is ideal, and we add heat during the expansion process to keep the conditions isothermal, we have p v = ci = constant = RT / M p=c/v Other relationships: Hence

p v = cj

for adiabatic

W = 1 2 c / v dv = c 1 2 1/v dv
We can integrate the above expression

= cp / cv

Heat absorbed by a gas for a reversible process

ds = dQ / T dQ = T ds Q = 1 2 T ds

Entropy change of gas for an isothermal reversible process

dQ = du + dW = cv dT + p dv = p dv
ds = dQ / T = (p / T) dv = R / (M v) dv s2-s1 = R / M 1 2 (1 / v) dv = R / M ln (v2 / v1) = R / M ln (p1 / p2) pv=RT/M p / T = R / (M v)

p2 v 2 = p 1 v1 = p v v2 / v1 = p1 / p2

Entropy change of gas for a isobaric reversible process

dQ = cp dT
ds = dQ / T = cp (1 / T) dT s2-s1 = cp 1 2 (1 / T) dT = cp ln (T2 / T1)

Heat engine
Source First law: Q1 - Q2 = W

Q1 Heat
W Engine Q2 Sink Second law: Q1 > W

Thermal efficiency = W / Q1 = (Q1-Q2) / Q1 = 1 Q2 / Q1

Temperature and Entropy

p v = ci p v = cj

T3 T2 T1

s3 s2 s1

v
Reversible isothermal processes Constant temperatures

v
Reversible adiabatic processes Constant entropies (isentropic)

Carnot cycle T vs s
T
4 Isentropic compression W = cj 3 4 v-dv T2 1

P4 P1

Isothermal heat supply Qgas = 4 1 T ds = T1 (sB-sA) = Q1

P3 P2

T1

Isentropic expansion W = cj 1 2 v-dv

3 2 Isothermal heat rejection Qgas = 2 3 T ds = T2 (sA-sB) = -Q2 sA sB s

Carnot cycle: thermal efficiency

= 1 Q2 / Q1 = 1 (-T2 (sA-sB)) / (T1 (sB-sA) ) = 1 T2 / T1 A Carnot cycle gives the highest thermal efficiency possible

Carnot cycle P vs v
P
p4 p1 Gross work p3 p2 3 4 1

Net work Work done on gas

vA

vB

Carnot cycle: work ratio

4 1

3 2

Work ratio = net work / gross work = (Area412 Area234) / Area412